Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry - Problem Set 2

Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry Problem 1 Say you are downwind from a large SO2 “source region” in which the SO2 concentration [SO2] (0) is 3 x 1011 molecule cm–3 in the lowest h kilometers and zero above that. There are no additional sources between you and this source region and the wind vector is horizontal (x direction) and constant in time. Assume that SO2 is removed by reaction with OH in the gas phase to produce H2SO4. Derive a formula for P (= the rate of production per unit area of H2SO4) in the downwind region as a function of h, τ = SO2 chemical lifetime = 1/l [OH] [M], l = third order rate constant, u = wind speed, and x = distance from source region. State briefly the major assumptions used in deriving your formula. Graph P as a function of x from 0 km to 1000 km from the source for u = 3.3 m/sec, h = 1.9 km, l = 2 x 10–31 cm6 molecule–2 sec–1, and [OH] = 2 x 106 radicals cm–3. Compare this P graph to that computed for u = 7 m/sec and comment on the difference. Problem 2 In mid-1992 the CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 mole fractions at and below 15 km altitude were 298 x 10–12 molecules/cm3 and 521 x 10–12 molecules/cm3, respectively. You are given the following: Altitude Range (km) 0–15 15–25 25–40 40–50 Kz (cm2 sec-1) 1.2 x 105 1.8 x 103 1.3 x 104 4.2 x 104 J (sec-1) CFCl3 CF2Cl2 0 2 x 10–8 7 x 10–7 4 x 10–6 0 6 x 10–9 8 x 10–8 5 x 10–7 By solving the steady-state horizontally-averaged continuity equations for each species in each atmospheric layer compute and graph their mixing ratios as a function of altitude. (Assume H = 7.8 km at all altitudes.) Problem 3 You are constructing a 3-D tropospheric chemical transport model and have chosen grid spacings of 150 km in the horizontal and 1.6 km in the vertical and a time step consistent with a Courant number of 0.1. Typical wind velocities are 3.2 m/sec in the horizontal and 0.7 cm/sec in the vertical. Also, [O3] ~ 1012 cm-3, [0H] ~ 106 cm-3 (daytime only), [M] ~ 1.7 x 1019 cm-3, and T ~ 276 K. Consider the following reactions whose approximate rate constants are given in parentheses: CO + OH → CO2 + H NO2 + OH + M → HNO3 + M NO2 + hv → NO +O NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 CH3CCl3 + OH → CH2CCl3 +H2O CH4 + OH → CH3 + H2O CH3CHCH2 + OH → C3H5 + H2O (2 x 10-13 cm3/sec) (2.5 x 10-30 (T/300)–2.9 cm6/sec) (10-12 sec-1, daytime) (2 x 10-12 exp (-1400/T) cm3/sec) (1.75 x 10-12 exp (-1550/T) cm3/sec) (2.9 x 10-12 exp (-1820/T) cm3/sec) (2.6 x 10-11 cm3/sec) (a) For each of the gases CO, NO, NO2, CH3ClCl3, CH4 and CH3CHCH2, compute their chemical lifetimes and thus determine whether transport must be considered or whether a pure photochemical steady state (chemical production=chemical loss) can be assumed. Form chemical families where appropriate. (b) A steady horizontal wind with a speed of 4.1 m/sec is blowing directly from an urban source region to a rural observing site 400 km downwind. The concentration of the gaseous hydrocarbon propene (CH3CHCH2) is observed to be 19 times less at the rural observing site than at the urban source region. Given the rate constant for reaction of OH with propene is 2.6 x 10-11 cm3/sec, and assuming that this reaction is the only destruction mechanism for propene, calculate the average concentration of OH in the region between the source and observing site. Using this calculated [OH] and the rate constants for reactions with OH from part (a), compute the factors by which the concentrations at the source and observing site will differ for CO, NO2, CH3CCl3, and CH4 (assume the air temperature T ~ 292K).