Economic Analysis for Business Decisions Midterm Exam 2

1 1a) When an aluminum company made 100,000 cans, the last unit cost $0.02. The next year it made 500,000 cans and the last unit cost $0.04. This company does not benefit from economies of scale. 1b) A demand equation for gasoline is estimated to be: Ln Q = -0.54 – 0.40 Ln P + 0.25 Ln Income where Q is in millions of gallons per week and the price is per gallon. A refinery fire leads to a price increase from $1.00 per gallon to $1.50 per gallon. Since the above equation implies that gasoline demand is inelastic, the quantity demanded will drop by less than 1%. 2. (350 points; 18 minutes) A railroad which runs between two cities ‘produces’ two products: passenger and freight service. The marginal cost of carrying an extra ton of freight is $0, and the marginal cost of carrying an extra passenger is $0. There are joint, fixed costs of $19,000 per day. There is no other competitor in this market. The daily demand for passenger service is Pp = 8 - 0.005Qp with Qp the number of passengers and Pp the price of a two-way ticket. The daily demand for freight service is Pf = 10 - 0.001Qf with Qf in tons and Pf the price per ton. Currently, Pp=$5 and Pf=$8, so that Qp= 600 and Qf=2000. The revenues from passenger service are $3000 and from freight $16,000. The firm currently assigns overhead to products on the basis of their dollar share of revenues. Thus, the costs allocated to the passenger business are $3,000, while those allocated to freight are $16,000. The firm’s accountants argue that prices should be raised on both products, since the firm barely breaks even. What pricing would you recommend? Evaluate the accountants’ argument. Would your conclusions differ if the fixed costs were $30,000 per day? 2 3. (450 points; 25 minutes) In the competitive market for medical scanning devices, there are 400 teaching hospitals in the US who would buy at most one device. Market demand in units is given by: Qd=1250 – (1/4)P up to the constraint that at most 400 units will be sold (i.e. Qd < 400). Market supply is given by: Qs= -3000 + P. (a) What is the equilibrium price and quantity of devices sold? (b) The government seeks to restrain healthcare spending by taxing teaching hospitals $1000 per machine bought. What is the equilibrium quantity of devices sold, and what price do firms receive? Is there any deadweight loss, and, if so, how much? (c) If, instead of imposing a tax, the government provided a subsidy, would there be any deadweight loss? (No calculation is necessary to answer this question.) 4. (450 points; 25 minutes) In a small country, Gelbium, yearly demand for mail delivery is Q=110,000- 10,000 p. where p is expressed in Gelbium Marks (GM) and Q is expressed as the number of pieces of mail. The marginal cost of delivering a piece of mail is constant and equals 1 Gelbium Mark. There is no fixed cost. (a) Suppose the government runs the mail service. If the government wants to maximize the social surplus, how much should it charge for mail delivery? (b) Suppose the government privatizes mail delivery. It sells the monopoly right to deliver mail to a commercial firm. The firm is free to set its price. How much will the firm charge for delivering a piece of mail? What is the maximum (yearly) amount the government can charge for the monopoly rights? What is the effect of this privatization on total welfare? (c) Assume that the government, after having sold the monopoly rights, gives a subsidy of 2 Gelbium Marks per piece of mail that the firm delivers. What will be the impact of this subsidy on consumer surplus and on firm profits (relative to unsubsidized monopoly)? What will be the welfare effect?