Managerial Psychology Group Decision-Making Groups and group decision-making Group decisions -Where to eat, movies -Electing president Shows how bad it can be Anyone from fraternity or sorority? Anybody here have a family? Make decisions as a family? Only parents? In fact, Sometimes make decisions yourself, but for a group Group decision making very important for 2 reasons: a. Spend lot of time in groups b. Often Take group into account, how decision affects other people I often hear my wife’s voice speaking to me, telling her opinion Lets try group decision making exercise Show short riddle, 30 sec to read, write own answer Ready, set, go… (slide) Those who think the answer is above 100 come to this corner, below 100, other corner Now explain, convince each other, if your answer changes, switch groups If have answer for sure, Go to other group, try to convince each other, or sit down I suggest you go to the other group Observation: above 100 only men, but for 1 How much started with the right answer? 0 How many ended up with right answer? 2 How many changed mind? Few changed mind This was my best hope to show you how effective group decision making can be. Get together, talk, share info, learn. Idea: show advantages of groups Rest of class will be about pitfalls, why groups can be bad Examples where groups bad in terms of outcome? -Mob mentality, Listening to authority From your own experience, groups making bad decisions? -Coordinate time w/ group Taxing -people disagree Not necessarily bad -silence is agreement, but can create problem if not true -people dominate discussion Bad decision making - great movie at end of class mob behavior sports game - fire, cars turn over, poles bent how do you think it happens? What happens? Why? LA riots, what do you remember? -carnage, fire People break into stores, steal, fire, how start? National guard can’t contain -break law, so many others, can’t be caught. 30 people steal, 31 not going to catch -everyone doing it, getting cool stuff, have good time One way to think about it -I’m not for stealing, but in this condition Or, people change their norms Unique in mob behavior, riots – people feel they cannot be singled out Just one of crowd Consequence: people don’t evaluate what they are doing, don’t follow social norms of regular life – obey parents, don’t steal, etc Zimbardo proposed process (slide) Not feel singled out All of us together Not think about selves, what do I stand for? Consequence, people don’t evaluate what they are doing Obey norms of local group created Football team wins over another England, for example, people die over soccer Change way they think once these conditions happen Example of how social norms can be broken due to anonymity Experiment, students in dark, start walking around. Told to not say anything about themselves (slide) Once anonymous intro, no name, darkness Talked about personally relevant stuff After about 40 min, started to get interactive 90% indicated touched someone on purpose 20% said trying to keep people from touching them 50% hugged somebody else 80% said they were sexually aroused Very different in real life. Stick 6 students in room, hour later 50% hugged? Something about the anonymity allows people to behave apart from the norm. Shows the power of anonymity Girl studying in next room, subject asked to shock her if she is not studying well Anonymous more likely to shock her Not identified, you do all kinds of things not normally do NY, very terrible case, girl raped, screamed, but nobody did anything because lots of people heard “Someone must be doing something” Another study Students, some guards, some prisoners. For weekend. What didn’t expect was that guards started abusing the prisoners Had to stop the experiment, couldn’t last the whole weekend Were told nothing of the sort. They took it upon themselves to do this. Stockings on head, stand in line, strip searches, paper bag on head Fellow students at Stanford Remind you of anything recently in politics? Take relatively well meaning kids, probably raised well, make some prisoners, some guards, start behaving very, very different How likely if take people opposite side of war, not abuse if get chance? Not far fetched, actually expected Mob & deindividuation – conditions where group can create a bad outcome. There is no leader, no sense of responsibility, social norm Follow emerging norms One person starts, other people follow Can get worse and worse Basically what happens is people don’t want to be embarrassed. Take silence, lack of action as indication that these people understand something, know something Pluralistic ignorance I While I might know something, if others behave differently, doubt my own motivations Prof give incomprehensible lecture Some students even nod favorably Not only class material, but also more serious Experiment: Smoke into room. More people present, longer to leave Very hard to be the first one to leave If alone, just leave. If many people there, say oh, nobody’s leaving, and everyone is thinking that. I did some work on poltical correctness Can’t conduct it at MIT, you guys not politically corrrect at all At Princeton very successful Harvard, interviewing for new faculty Wanted more African American faculty All tried to say this research and that, not talk about African American -can you elaborate on how we not PC, Princeton are? One example: PC game, line of people, FBI most wanted game. Have to communicate to another person which name is highlighted. The question is, Will they use race? Green sweatshirt standing by the car. People uncomfortable using race as a name to call people. At MIT, people completely don’t care about using race as indicator U Virginia study White, Black, wheelchair person to convince people of something stupid Should do an exam on all the college material Black, wheelchair much more convincing Argument is we don’t like to argue w/ people we are PC about “if I say they are wrong, they will think I’m racist or something” Video takes away this effect, no longer face to face Idea is that people will do stuff if they think other people are doing the same thing. Conformity Norms for how well dressed At MIT Other places Not deviate from those standards If people free to do as please, they imitate one another. Monty python: Life of Brian Brian stands at a window, all people come to him as an apostle, He says: Your all different! They drone: “we’re all different” You don’t have to follow me! We don’t have to follow you Subtle conformity, mimicry Sit across from you If I rub my face, you more likely to rub you face Want to increase liking, going to mimic You rub face, subject more likely to rub face than shake foot, Homework: Go home, do something, see if can get roommate to follow Rational conformity Maybe they know something 2 Fire exits Fire starts Run to exit Somebody must know something, lets run after them Nobody sees other exit sign, only others running Slide, which line longer Experiment, group of people All but one working for him, told what to answer. (wrong answer) Question: Will the subject also give the wrong answer? Picture of subject first time. Can’t believe his eyes, how can that be? 75% of people conformed. This is about vision, something we no is good, no reason to doubt Lots of people gave the wrong answer for conformity reasons Bigger conformity to groups you want to be a part of, larger groups Conformity: sometimes you do not know you are conforming 3 things to remember today Prisoner experiment, Asch 75% of people gave wrong answ at least once This is vision test No reason to doubt eyesight More conformity in larger groups, diff tasks, high desire to be part Like fraternity, sorority Conformity @workplace Sometimes conformers not know conforming Others, we know we are conforming Suggests social info might change perception Increase activity in visual cortex Not necessarily know truth but not say to not embarrass self Conform for different reasons Workplace, people usually want opinion, but being the person saying no always is not a fun task Faculty member, I have privilege of doing so often here People annoyed But very important Conformity – one of the worst outcomes for groups. Obedience Very strong form of conformity Was it WW2, Germans? Happen to anyone? Experiment - Stanley Milgram Video Not sadistic, wanted to stop Half got to end, subject stopped talking Is incredible! Nevertheless easy to get social norms created in the moment Summary Groups can be useful, more viewpoints etc Can hinder what useful for Authority or not Asked explicitly or not All dress same, obey rules Compliance – no authority Obedience – authority, asked explicitly Mob behavior Probable ignorance Conformity Obedience One more plea for wednesday Writing instructor here You need help w/ writing, you should come [Stanley Milgram film]