Managerial Psychology Laboratory Memory

A general framework for memory Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory Short term memory Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory Duration: short, about 15-20 sec. -can be lengthened through rehearsal Capacity: 7 + or - 2 -chunking long term memory Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory Not really long term. Some things are constructed, some last forever. No capacity constraints! Visual, verbal, conceptual, procedural etc. Individuals represent stimuli in contextdependent perceptions; these perceptions are all the reality for the individual Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory Knowledge in the individual’s mind (including the perceptions) is organized into hierarchical categories Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory The individual understand stimuli by forming or updating beliefs and expressing preferences Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory Individuals evaluate certain representations; the evaluation is called a judgment (if it is operational) or an attitude (if it is not) Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory A general framework for memory Stimuli Other mental processes Exposure Recall Attention Working Memory Representation of stimuli Organization of representations Comprehension of representation Evaluation of representation Perceptions Categories Preferences Attitudes Representation Beliefs Criteria Long Term Memory Specific memory effects Constructed memory The memory myth We usually think about our autobiographical memory as a veridical representation This is not the case! Memory is constructed Evidence (Loftus & Pickrell ) Adult participants were implanted with a childhood memory that at age five they had been lost in a shopping mall and rescued by an elderly person. People falsely remember shaking Mickey and Bugs Bunny’s hand at Disneyland Constructed memory Evidence from cases of early child abuse This is not to say that there is no child abuse Some people don’t accept this evidence How could you study this level of constructed memory? Alien abduction Susan Clancy showed that people who claim that they were abducted have many more false positive memories & that they are higher on the autism scale. She also proposed a “sleep-awake” mechanism This work has help not only to show that false memory are real and that they have real impact on people, but helped us understand the mechanism underlying it. Source monitoring Even when we remember we don’t necessarily remember where the information is from Implication The legal system usually treats person eye witnesses and memory as the highest level of accurate evidence The same goes in our personal and professional life THE MERE EXPOSURE “Costanza” EFFECT: We like things that are familiar Evidence for mere exposure Zajonc (1968) showed Chinese characters to people from one to 25 times, asking them to guess the meaning. The more they saw a character the more positive a meaning they gave. Miller (1976) showed people posters about stopping foreign aid up to 200 times. They were persuaded most by moderate exposure. After 200 exposures they reacted negatively to the message! Organizational memory People use memory as a asset and as a tool to ensure their position Knowledge management is an attempt to get out of this problem Urban legends This is another version of collective (constructed) memory You only use 10% of your brain. The Great Wall of China is the only manmade structure visible in space. Halloween Newsweek, 1975: “In recent years, several children have died and hundreds have narrowly escaped injury from razor blades, sewing needles, and shards of glass purposefully put into their goodies by adults.” ABC News poll, 1985 60% of parents worried their kids might be victims Mad cow in France Scientific papers, and newspapers 200 160 120 80 40 0 200 160 120 80 40 0 Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1 1995 - 2002 Mad cow II Mad cow had a real effect on beef consumption in the US. How many people died? How many people die each year of salmonella? Beef consumption 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Urban legends summary Urban legends are a “collective false memory effect” Common and interesting Real effects on the market An important question is what makes a “good” urban legend? What predicts that a story will become and urban legend? Applications I Eyewitness Testimony Improving memory Make meaningful (self) Make Salient (images) Rehearsal Mnemonics Technological aids The Remembrance Agent Brad Rhodes ARIA: An Agent for Integrated Annotation and Retrieval of Images Memory Prosthesis Visualizing health The Remembrance Agent Watches over the shoulder of the wearer of a wearable computer and displays one-line summaries of notesfiles, old email, papers, and other text information that might be relevant to the user's current context. Brad Rhodes ARIA: [Annotation and Retrieval Integration Agent] Assists users by proactively looking for opportunities for image annotation and image retrieval in the context of the user's everyday work Continuous, ranked searches are automatically performed from an image library, and images relevant to the current text can be inserted in a single click Henry Lieberman Memory Prosthesis computer attempts to determine the most important parts within audio recordings. Speaking Tone Humor tries to pick a good set of short audio clips that, in turn, will serve as good memory triggers Sunil Vermuri Visualizing health Photo journals and data visualization to understand health practice Jeana Frost Other examples Cell phones Auto complete Google Summary Memory is complex and important Memory is about organization and “sensemaking” -- and hence not always accurate. We have volitional access to some aspects of memory but not others Memory is a central psychological process that almost everything we do depends on.