Long-Term Debt, Bonds

Long-Term Debt Objectives: ! Extend our understanding of valuation methods beyond simple present value calculations. •Understand the terminology of long-term debt Par value Discount vs. Premium Mortgages ! Practice bookkeeping for debt issuance, interest accruals, periodic payments, and debt retirement. ! Understand how long-term debt affects the financial statements over time. Valuation Concepts Annuities Ordinary Annuity (annuity in arrears) - payments occur at the end of the period Annuity due (annuity in advance) - payments occur at the beginning of the period What is the FV of a $100 ordinary annuity at the end of 3 years at 8%? 0 1 2 3 |---------------------------|---------------------------|----------------------------| A general formula: FV(a) = {[(1+r)N - 1]*[1/r]}*Fixed Period Cash Flow Valuation Concepts What is the PV of a 3 year $100 ordinary annuity at 8%? 0 1 2 3 |---------------------------|---------------------------|----------------------------| A General Formula: PV(a) = {[1 - (1+r)-N]*[1/r]}* Fixed Period Cash Flow Note: A perpetuity is an annuity that goes on forever. As N approaches infinity, the formula for PV(a) becomes [1/r]*Fixed Period Cash Flow If you were to receive $100 a year forever, the PV of that stream of payments, given r = 8%, is 100/.08 = 1,250. If you were to receive $100 a year for 50 years, the PV of that stream of payments, given r = 8%, is 1,223.35. Why is the difference so small? Bonds - Terminology Par value - stated or face value of the bond; the amount due at maturity Market value - the value assigned to the bond by investors Three interest rates are relevant to bond accounting: Coupon rate -the rate used to determine the periodic cash payments (if any) (Current) Market interest rate - the rate used to determine the current market value of the bond. The market rate is based upon market conditions and the risk characteristics of the borrower Effective interest rate - the market rate at issuance, used to determine the interest expense and the book value of the liability Bonds - An Introduction If at issuance the market rate = coupon rate then market value = par value. The bond is said to sell at par. When a bond sells at par its coupon payment is equal to its interest expense. While we will primarily focus on bonds sold at par, there are two other possibilities: If at issuance the market rate > coupon rate then market value < par value. The difference between market value and par value is called the discount on the bond and its coupon payment is less than its interest expense. An extreme case of this is the zero-coupon bond. If at issuance the market rate < coupon rate then market value > par value. The difference between market value and par value is called the premium on the bond and its coupon payment is more than its interest expense. Bonds Consider a loan with proceeds of $10,000 initiated on 1/1/99. The market interest rate is 6% and final payment is to be made at the end of the third year (12/31/01). What annual payments are required under the following three alternatives? I. Yearly payments of interest at the end of each year and repayment of principal at the end of the third year (typical bond terms). II. Three equal payments at the end of each year (mortgage / new car loan terms). III. A single payment of principal and interest at the end of year 3 (Zero-Coupon bond). Bonds - alternative payment streams I coupon End of Year 1 End of Year 2 End of Year 3 Undiscounted sum of payments II mortgage III zero Accounting for a Regular Bond - at par Example I (coupon) A = Cash 1999 10,000 Periodic payments Cash (600) 1999 (600) 2000 (600) 2001 (10,000) L Principal -Discount 10,000 Principal -Discount (10,000) + E + RE (600) int. exp. (600) int. exp. (600) int. exp. Accounting for a Mortgage Example II (mortgage) A = Cash 1999 10,000 L Mortgage 10,000 Periodic payments Cash 1999 (3,741) 2000 (3,741) 2001 (3,741) Mortgage (3,141) (3,329) (3,530) + + E RE (600) int. exp. (412) int. exp. (211) int. exp. Accounting for a Zero-Coupon Bond Example III (zero coupon) A = L Cash Principal 11,910 1999 10,000 Periodic payments Cash 0 1999 0 2000 0 2001 (11,910) Principal (11,910) + E -Discount 1,910 -Discount (600) (636) (674) + RE (600) int. exp. (636) int. exp. (674) int. exp. Bonds - disclosures Balance sheet current portion of L-T debt in current liabilities long-term debt Income Statement interest expense Indirect SCF Operations - interest accruals not yet paid, amortization of discount/premium Investing - purchase / sale of AFS debt Financing - proceeds, repayment + supplemental disclosure of cash paid for interest Notes details on all of the above Bonds - disclosures Nextel Communications (partial footnote) 7.Long-Term Debt, Capital Lease and Finance Obligations December 31, (dollars in millions) Domestic 10.65% senior redeemable discount notes due 2007, net of unamortized discount of $59 and $136 9.75% senior serial redeemable discount notes due 2007, net of unamortized discount of $86 and $180 4.75% convertible senior notes due 2007 9.95% senior serial redeemable discount notes due 2008, net of unamortized discount of $168 and $303 12% senior serial redeemable notes due 2008, net of unamortized discount of $3 and $4 9.375% senior serial redeemable notes due 2009 5.25% convertible senior notes due 2010 9.5% senior serial redeemable notes due 2011, including a fair value hedge adjustment of $11 6% convertible senior notes due 2011 Bank credit facility, interest payable quarterly at an adjusted rate calculated based either on the U.S. prime rate or London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, (4.02% to 10.44% - 2001; 8.63% to 10.44% - 2000) Other Total domestic long-term debt Less domestic current portion 2001 2002 $781 $704 1,043 354 949 354 1,459 1,324 297 2,000 1,150 296 2,000 1,150 1,261 1,000 - 4,500 19 4,500 1 13,864 (49) 11,278 - 13,815 $11,278 Does the Balance Sheet Represent the Market Value of Debt Footnote from Shoney’s 1999 Annual Report Oct. 31,1999 Subordinated zero coupon debentures, due April 2004 (face value $179,299,000) 122,520,712 Oct. 25,1998 112,580,014 What is the effective interest rate of the debt? (122,520,712/112,580,014 -1) = 8.83% What is the market interest rate of the debt? The WSJ (11/1/99) reports Shoney’s debt to be selling for 210 per thousand, with 5 years until maturity. 1000 = 210*(1+r)5, 4.762(1/5)= 1+r, r=.366, or 36.6%, more than four times the interest rate used in the financial statements. How could this be? Shoney's Statement of Cash Flows Effects of Discount Amortization Years Ended -----------------------------------­ October 25 October 31 1999 1998 -----------------------------------­ Operating activities Net loss $ (28,826,398) $ (107,703,920) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: 41,162,155 49,340,252 Depreciation and amortization Interest expense on zero coupon convertible debentures and other noncash charges 16,329,932 18,508,713 Deferred income taxes (1,890,000) 38,088,000 Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment (20,230,756) (9,417,828) Impairment of long-lived assets 18,424,046 48,403,158 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Notes and accounts receivable 1,834,878 1,966,717 Inventories (492,529) 1,236,546 Prepaid expenses (1,676,202) 1,450,081 Accounts payable (10,850,662) 2,524,508 Accrued expenses (7,324,161) 11,240,256 Federal and state income taxes 1,612,557 Litigation settlement 14,500,000 3,500,000 Refundable income taxes 14,005,359 (9,928,809) Deferred income and other liabilities (444,616) 4,243,692 ---------------------------Net cash provided by operating activities 34,521,046 55,063,923 The annual discount amortization on the zeros (which is equal to the annual interest expense on the zeros) is a noncash expense and is added back to NI to reconcile to OCF Early Retirement of Debt for Less than Book Value Example I (zero coupon) A = L Cash Principal EB 99 11,910 + E -Discount 1,310 You repurchase the bonds in the open market at the start of 2000 (2 years to maturity) when the market rate is 7% for $10,403 (11,910/1.07 2) A = L + RE Cash Principal -Discount [Gain on retirement (10,403) (11,910) (1,310) 197 of debt on I/S] The gain or loss on early retirement of debt is reported as an extraordinary item on the income statement (see Pratt, p. 569). Early Retirement of Debt for More than Book Value Example I (zero coupon) A = L Cash Principal EB 99 11,910 + E -Discount 1,310 You repurchase the bonds in the open market at the start of 2000 (2 years to maturity) when the market rate is 5% for $10,803 (11,910/1.05 2) A = L + RE Cash Principal -Discount [Loss on retirement (10,803) (11,910) (1,310) (203) of debt on I/S] The gain or loss on early retirement of debt is reported as an extraordinary item on the income statement (see Pratt, p. 569). Bonds - restrictions on debt TCBY • Borrower will at all times maintain a ration of Current Assets to Current Liabilities … that is greater than 2.0… a Profitability ration greater than 1.5 …[defined as] the ratio of Net Income for the immediately preceding period of 12 calendar months to Current Maturities of Long Tern Debt … a Fixed Coverage Ratio greater than 1.0 … [defined as] the ratio of Net Income … plus noncash Charges to Current Maturities of Long Term Debt ... plus cash dividends … plus Replacement CapEx of the Borrower • [Borrower will not] sell, lease, transfer, or otherwise dispose of any assets … except for the sale of inventory … and disposition of obsolete equipment …[to] repurchase the stock of TCBY • [Borrower agrees it will not take on new loans if] the aggregate amount of all such loans … would exceed 25% of the consolidated Tangible Net Worth of the Borower...