Drug Abuse Chapter 14 Answer Key Part 5

102. The two chemical families to which most antipsychotic drugs belong are ____. a.phenothiazines and butyrophenones b.tricyclics and MAOIs c.nitrates and glucocorticoids d.benzodiazepines and antihistamines ANSWER: a 103. Which of the following is an effect of most antipsychotic drugs? a.increased release of acetylcholine b decreased reuptake of serotonin . c.increased synthesis of norepinephrine d blockage of dopamine receptors . ANSWER: d 104. The doses of various drugs that are typically prescribed for schizophrenia are closely related to the strength of what effect? a.elevated alpha waves on an EEG b blockage of dopamine receptors . c.delays in the onset of REM sleep d increases in the rate of dopamine synthesis . ANSWER: b 105. Repeated use of large doses of amphetamine or cocaine can lead to a behavioral condition similar to ____. a.schizophrenia b.bipolar disorder c.attention deficit disorder d.depression ANSWER: a 106. An individual shows symptoms resembling schizophrenia, especially the positive symptoms, but is not schizophrenic. Which of the following disorders is most likely? a.seasonal affective disorder b bipolar disorder . c.substance-induced psychotic disorder d Korsakoff’s syndrome . ANSWER: c 107. An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses. a.serotonin b.glutamate c.substance P d.acetylcholine ANSWER: b 108. Phencyclidine (PCP), which can produce psychotic symptoms resembling schizophrenia, has which effect? a.It inhibits the NMDA glutamate receptors. b.It interferes with dopamine release. c.It prolongs activity at serotonin synapses. d.It directly stimulates acetylcholine receptors. ANSWER: a 109. The amino acid, glycine, provides a possible co-treatment for schizophrenia because it ____. a.can be chemically converted into dopamine b increases the effectiveness of glutamate . c.decreases the effectiveness of glutamate d increases the growth and division of glia cells . ANSWER: b 110. For schizophrenics, atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in ____. a.reducing positive symptoms b.reducing negative symptoms c.increasing negative symptoms d.blocking glutamate receptors ANSWER: b 111. A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is ____. a.tardive dyskinesia b attention deficit disorder . c.saccadic eye movements d seasonal affective disorder . ANSWER: a 112. The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are ____. a.anterograde and retrograde amnesia b.tremors and other involuntary movements c.outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior d.attacks of anxiety that prevent active behavior ANSWER: b 113. What happens when schizophrenics stop taking neuroleptic drugs? a.Auditory hallucinations dissipate slowly. b.Schizophrenic symptoms return immediately and with more intensity. c.Tardive dyskinesia may continue. d.Memory problems become more apparent. ANSWER: c 114. Atypical antipsychotic drugs alleviate schizophrenia with fewer side effects than other drugs because they ____. a.stimulate dopamine synapses instead of blocking them b act at acetylcholine synapses instead of dopamine synapses . c.have a greater effect on dopamine type D2 receptors d more strongly antagonize serotonin type 5-HT2 receptors . ANSWER: d 115. All things considered, the atypical antipsychotics ____. a.are far more cost-effective than the older drugs b.do not improve overall quality of life more than older drugs c.are preferable because they have, at most, only mild side-effects d.have a much higher risk of movement disorders ANSWER: b 116. Which statement about the long-term course for people diagnosed with schizophrenia is true? About one-third recover from the first episode and do not become psychotic again. b.Up to one-fourth will have a serious disorder throughout their lives. About one-half will develop progressive brain deterioration that continues c. throughout life. d.Up to one-third will go on to develop dementia by their 40s. a. ANSWER: b Essay 117. Define major depression. ANSWER: Everyone has times of feeling discouraged. Major depression is much more intense and prolonged. People with a major depression feel sad and helpless most of the day every day for weeks at a time. They don’t enjoy anything and can hardly even imagine enjoying anything. They lack energy, feel worthless, contemplate suicide, have trouble sleeping, and cannot concentrate. When they have unpleasant thoughts, they have trouble getting rid of them (Foland-Ross et al., 2013). Changes in the synapses to the nucleus accumbens make it less responsive to reward (Russo & Nestler, 2013). 118. Briefly describe the four major categories of antidepressant drugs ANSWER: Antidepressant drugs fall into several categories, including tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and atypical antidepressants. The tricyclics (e.g., imipramine, trade name Tofranil) operate by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are similar to tricyclics but specific to the neurotransmitter serotonin. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (e.g., phenelzine, trade name Nardil) block the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), a presynaptic enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms. The atypical antidepressants include everything other than the types just discussed (Horst & Preskorn, 1998). One example is bupropion (Wellbutrin), which inhibits reuptake of dopamine and to some extent norepinephrine but not serotonin. Although antidepressants vary in which neurotransmitter(s) they target—serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, or some combination—all appear to be nearly equal in their effectiveness (Montgomery et al., 2007). 119. What are the key symptoms of autism spectrum disorders? ANSWER: Here are some of the key symptoms of ASDs:     Deficits in social and emotional exchange Deficits in gestures, facial expressions, and other nonverbal communication Stereotyped behaviors, such as repetitive movements Resistance to a change in routine Unusually weak or strong responses to stimuli, such as indifference to pain or a panicked 120. Describe the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and give some examples of each. ANSWER: Positive symptoms include manifest behaviors that should be absent, such as delusions (unfounded beliefs), hallucinations (abnormal sensory experiences), disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior. Each of these is a judgment call. Sometimes a statement that appears to be a delusion (“People are persecuting me”) is actually true, or at least defensible. Many healthy people have heard a voice when they knew they were alone, most often when they were just waking up. Negative symptoms include absent behaviors that should be present, such as weak social interactions, emotional expression, speech, and working memory. Negative symptoms are usually stable over time and difficult to treat. 121. Describe the differences between antagonists and agonists. ANSWER: Drugs either facilitate or inhibit transmission at synapses. A drug that blocks a neurotransmitter is an antagonist, whereas a drug that mimics or increases the effects is an agonist. (The term agonist is derived from a Greek word meaning “contestant.” The term agony derives from the same root. An antagonist is an “antiagonist,” or member of the opposing team.) A mixed agonist–antagonist is an agonist for some effects of the neurotransmitter and an antagonist for others or an agonist at some doses and an antagonist at others.