Gene mapping is a procedure used to identify the locus of the genes and the d/w blow the genes. Linkage mapping: We can determine the location of ore gene Corresponding to other genesin to grand locatio) By using linkage mapping, we can determine the Probability of the genes whether they are near or distance (far) with each other in a chromosome mechawim Momologus Chromestres Crossing over Recombinate Exchange of genes these Conditions occur when the genes are far away if they are wear with each atter. If there is Cross there is no exchange. Physical mapping:- The genes can determine the exact location and distance. most impt techniques for the genes En Kosmiction mapping Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) mappry. (ii) sequence tagged site mapping." Restriction mapping: Is method used to map an unknown segment of DNA by breaking it into pices and then Identifying the locations of the break points Restiction enzymes bind to DIVA & break. Long ONA/nucleotide will Not poused towesdy downwards odue to lavy Nucleotide Gel electrophorens sapren (prese Gel) molecules Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) mapping. FISA is used for finding specific features of the DNA I wrch is used in medierne and selso help → to detect and determine the loens of the geve. Fluorescence probes Detect Chromorsal abnormalities FISH based ayay have been developed with diff field of Investigation - Clinical genetics -Relational bro tangy -Comparative genomics. -Toxicity → Cellular genomics. - Microbial code. gy.