Intoduction to Sociology 100 Questions

Intoduction to Sociology Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. All of these statements about social structure are true, except a. it is not essential for individual well-being b. it is essential for the survival of society c. it provides a web of familial support and social relationships d. it connects individuals to the larger society ____ 2. At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms. a. mesolevel b. macrolevel c. metalevel d. microlevel ____ 3. Social structure consists of all of these, except __________. c. groups and organizations a. institutions d. status and roles b. values ____ 4. __________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination. c. Conflict d. Functionalist a. Differential association b. Symbolic interactionist ____ 5. __________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups. c. Social marginality a. Alienation d. Anomie b. Stigmatization ____ 6. A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort. a. achieved b. central ____ c. ascribed d. universal 7. Regardless of a person’s other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status? a. father b. coach c. homeless d. male ____ 8. A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. c. value a. position d. role b. character ____ 9. Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women. c. role strain a. role conflict d. status frustration b. status inconsistency ____ 10. __________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance. a. Role distancing b. Role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Role strain ____ 11. A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn’t want people to view her as a “clerk.” Her behavior is an example of __________. c. role distancing a. role ambiguity d. role exiting b. role inconsistency ____ 12. Which of these is the best example of a primary group? a. the people working together in the same department b. a sociology class c. a jury d. the people at a bus station ____ 13. Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. c. secondary group a. informal group d. institution b. primary group ____ 14. Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups. c. primary a. secondary d. informal b. acting ____ 15. Which of these is the best example of a secondary group? a. the people working together in the same department b. a group of best friends c. a parent and child d. a sociology class ____ 16. The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________. c. social network a. social solidarity d. social institution b. social support ____ 17. Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tönnies both a. were interested in the economic system of a society. b. were both more concerned with change than with stability. c. developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies. d. analyzed interpersonal interaction. ____ 18. As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question: a. What holds societies together? b. Who benefits from the structure of society? c. What meanings do various symbols have for different groups of people? d. What is the experience of women and others with lower status in society? ____ 19. The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence. c. collective solidarity a. organic solidarity d. specialized solidarity b. mechanical solidarity ____ 20. Ferdinand Tönnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. a. gemeinschaft b. verstehen c. gesellschaft d. bourgeoise ____ 21. Relationships within a gemeinschaft society are largely based on __________. c. master status a. achieved status d. social status b. ascribed status ____ 22. __________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones are products of these societies. c. Horticultural and Pastoral societies a. Agrarian societies d. Hunting and Gathering societies b. Industrial societies ____ 23. A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy. c. horticultural and pastoral society a. industrial society d. postindustrial society b. agrarian society ____ 24. Which of these is not true about postindustrial society? a. there has been an information explosion b. most people work in service or information-related occupations c. mechanized production of goods within the society d. knowledge becomes a commodity ____ 25. Sociologist Erving Goffman’s term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention. c. passive rudeness d. reserved rejection a. civil inattention b. selective attention ____ 26. If a person is told repeatedly that she or he is not a good student. Eventually, this person might come to believe it to be true, stop studying, and receive failing grades. This scenario is an illustration of __________. c. survival of the fittest a. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. false consciousness b. civil inattention ____ 27. The perspective developed by Erving Goffman, that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________. a. ethnomethodology b. dramaturgical analysis c. impression management d. presentational analysis ____ 28. Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation. c. face-saving behavior a. studied nonobservance b. front and back stage behavior d. social reconstruction ____ 29. Which of these would not be considered a form of face-saving behavior? a. attributing the success of others to luck b. finding excuses for one’s poor performance c. studied nonobservance of the mistakes or flaws of another d. attributing one’s own success to preferential treatment by others ____ 30. Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________. c. ethnomethodological a. front stage b. back stage d. dramaturgical ____ 31. All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that a. involve working with children and the elderly. b. require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind. c. are in the social work or mental health professions. d. engage an audience in entertainment. ____ 32. A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence. c. category a. social group d. secondary group b. aggregate ____ 33. Which of these has the least amount of interaction between members? c. aggregate a. social group d. formal organization b. category ____ 34. Men with red hair, people who wear glasses, people over 6 feet tall, and college women who belong to a sorority are each an example of a(n) __________. c. aggregate a. social group d. formal organization b. category ____ 35. The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________. a. personal others b. significant others c. formal others d. generalized others ____ 36. Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths crossed between classes. Sociologists would term them __________. c. a secondary group a. a primary group d. an informal group b. a formal group ____ 37. Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan’s Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan’s Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered __________. c. reference groups a. formal groups d. outgroups b. ingroups ____ 38. Members of a country club, sorority or fraternity, or even a group of friends share values and beliefs and have an awareness of those whom they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness __________. c. cultural relativism a. consciousness of kind d. homogeneity b. outgroup construction ____ 39. Which of these terms does not fit with the concept of ingroup as well as the others? c. cultural relativism a. consciousness of kind d. closed relationship b. ethnocentrism ____ 40. A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member. a. social group b. operational group c. reference group d. instrumental group ____ 41. From the __________ perspective, people form groups to meet instrumental and expressive needs. a. symbolic interaction c. postmodern b. functionalist d. conflict ____ 42. __________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met. a. Postmodern theorists b. Functionalists c. Conflict theorists d. Symbolic interactionists ____ 43. Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society, for example between employees and customers in fast food restaurant? c. functionalists a. conflict theorists d. postmodern theorists b. symbolic interactionists ____ 44. Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups? a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Herbert Spencer d. Georg Simmel ____ 45. A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal. c. dyad a. affiliation d. accommodation b. coalition ____ 46. From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs. c. symbolic interactionist a. premodern d. functionalist b. conflict ____ 47. Which of these is not one of the three major styles of leadership that exist in groups? c. laissez-faire a. authoritarian d. cooperative b. democratic ____ 48. In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, __________ leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility. c. authoritarian a. cooperative d. democratic b. laissez-faire ____ 49. The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership? c. democratic a. authoritarian d. laissez-faire b. cooperative ____ 50. In regards to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________. a. this research raises some questions concerning research ethics b. Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway c. despite problems, many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic d. Milgram's findings have never been supported by later research ____ 51. We voluntarily join __________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member. c. totalitarian a. coercive b. normative d. utilitarian ____ 52. Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations. a. normative b. coercive c. totalitarian d. utilitarian ____ 53. A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters. c. anarchy a. democracy d. bureaucracy b. monarchy ____ 54. Sociologist George Ritzer applied Weber’s theories to an examination of fast-food restaurants such as McDonald’s. In the process of “McDonaldization,” he identified four dimensions of formal rationality. Which of the following is not one of these dimensions? c. control through expressive leadership a. efficiency d. emphasis on quantity rather than quality b. predictability ____ 55. Which of these characteristics of bureaucracy was not discussed by Weber? c. rules and regulations a. informal interpersonal activities b. qualification-based employment d. hierarchy of authority ____ 56. A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________. a. informal structure c. goal displacement d. trained incapacity b. work culture ____ 57. The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________. c. autocracy a. bureaucracy d. the power elite b. oligarchy ____ 58. Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. This is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of __________. c. trained incapacity a. bureaucracy d. goal displacement b. oligarchy ____ 59. Which of these is not something considered part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy? a. less rigid hierarchical structure b. greater emphasis on sharing information c. helping employees meet responsibilities at home d. reduction in the amount of informal activity ____ 60. Sociologists and criminologists use the term __________ for a group of people, usually young, who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society. c. clique a. band d. cohort b. gang ____ 61. Which of these is not a characteristic shared by cliques of friends and gangs? c. function as a body of power a. a hierarchical structure d. important within the local economy b. exclusive membership ____ 62. From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate __________ a. b. c. d. in the specific behavior or condition. with the people who witness or judge the behavior. in legal and civil statutes or regulations. with the identity of the person whose behavior is in question. ____ 63. A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions. a. stigma b. deviant act c. crime d. stigma ____ 64. __________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people. a. Juvenile delinquency b. Truancy c. Youthful misconduct d. Crime ____ 65. In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________. c. the schools a. the criminal justice system d. the church b. parents ____ 66. Which of these statements is not part of Durkheim’s perspective on deviance? a. Deviance is rooted in social factors like rapid social change. b. As social integration decreases, deviance increases. c. Deviance is functional for society. d. Deviance is only common in contemporary societies. ____ 67. A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance? c. Deviance promotes social change. a. Deviance clarifies rules. d. Deviance prevents social chaos. b. Deviance unites a group. ____ 68. According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance? a. Deviance clarifies rules. b. Deviance unites a group. c. Deviance promotes social change. d. Deviance prevents social chaos. ____ 69. According to Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. c. developmental a. opportunity d. strain b. conflict ____ 70. Which of these is not one the ways identified by Merton that describe how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them? a. innovation b. resignation c. ritualism d. retreatism ____ 71. When people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them, Merton termed this __________. a. innovation b. retreatism c. ritualism d. conformity ____ 72. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them. a. rebellion b. retreatism c. ritualism d. conformity ____ 73. According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means. c. innovation a. retreatism d. rebellion b. ritualism ____ 74. A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton’s typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of __________. c. rebellion a. retreatism d. innovation b. ritualism ____ 75. Gangs provide members with a means of attaining higher status and material rewards that may otherwise seem unavailable to them. Cloward and Ohlin have coined the concept of __________ to refer to this. c. illegitimate opportunity structures a. strain theory d. differential opportunity theory b. criminal careers ____ 76. Based on their research, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin identified three basic gang types on the basis of the type of illegitimate opportunity structure available in a specific area. Which of these is not one of the types they identified? a. criminal gang c. conflict gang d. rebellist gang b. retreatist gang ____ 77. According to Cloward and Ohlin, __________ gangs emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities. a. conflict b. retreatist c. criminal d. rebellist ____ 78. __________ argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Conflict theorists c. Functionalists d. Postmodern theorists ____ 79. A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of __________. a. the capitalist economic system b. the strain between the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals c. labeling d. socialization by people who have criminal backgrounds ____ 80. During the mid-1970s, advocates of __________ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement. c. critical a. emancipation d. symbolic interaction b. functionalist ____ 81. __________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity —through engagement with others. c. Functionalists a. Conflict theorists d. Postmodern theorists b. Symbolic interactionists ____ 82. Which of these is not one of the approaches to deviance from the symbolic interactionist perspective? c. control theory a. differential association d. labeling theory b. strain theory ____ 83. Sutherland’s __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. c. status frustration d. differential association a. illegitimate opportunity b. strain ____ 84. Differential association does not explain a. how one may be socialized into deviance. b. why deviance is more likely to occur when one has long-term intense relationships with those who violate the law. c. the role of intimate personal groups, like family and peers, in learning deviance. d. why some people who are heavily exposed to others who break the law still adhere to conventional behavior. ____ 85. Based on the symbolic interaction theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly. c. differential association a. strain d. social control b. labeling ____ 86. Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on “right” and “wrong” to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior. c. reference groups d. power elite a. significant others b. moral entrepreneurs ____ 87. According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule-breaking. c. Primary a. Career d. Tertiary b. Secondary ____ 88. A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance? c. secondary stage a. primary stage d. tertiary stage b. career stage ____ 89. A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a “thief,” subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________. c. career deviance a. tertiary deviance d. primary deviance b. secondary deviance ____ 90. In the postmodern theory of Michel Foucault the Panoptican refers to__________. a. a prison b. the court proceedings c. a device for physical punishment, even torture d. a structure that permits continuous observation of all prisoners ____ 91. A __________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death. a. sanction b. felony c. criminal tort d. misdemeanor ____ 92. A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail. c. civil infraction a. felony d. tort b. misdemeanor ____ 93. __________ crimes include robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable. c. Violent a. Public order d. Property b. Organized ____ 94. Which of these activities is not generally associated with organized crime? c. money laundering a. drug trafficking d. insider trading b. prostitution ____ 95. The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power. c. index crime a. occupational crime d. corporate crime b. political crime ____ 96. People in which of these racial-ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics? c. African Americans a. Asian/Pacific Islanders d. white European Americans b. Native Americans ____ 97. According to the National Crime Victims Survey, which of these groups had the lowest rates of violent and property crime victimization? a. Asian/Pacific Islanders b. Native Americans c. African Americans d. white European Americans ____ 98. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty __________. a. is unconstitutional b. is legal if imposed fairly and equally c. is cruel and unusual punishment d. may applied without limitations according to the laws of each state ____ 99. The text argues that __________ are better able to address the problem of juvenile offenders, rather than military-style boot camps. a. punitive measures b. structural solutions c. correctional alternatives d. restorative principles ____100. The text uses the term __________ for the trafficking across nations’ borders in drugs, weapons, and nuclear weapons. a. international b. corporate c. transnational d. cross-cultural