Psychology Exam 2019

PSYCHOLOGY SECTION I Time—1 hour and 15 minutes 100 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as (A) discontinuance (B) tolerance (C) withdrawal (D) forced independence (E) transduction When parents refuse to accept several psychologists’ diagnosis of a child’s mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms? (A) Denial (B) Displacement (C) Projection (D) Rationalization (E) Regression After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when (A) the tone only is presented (B) the food only is presented (C) the food and tone are presented together (D) a different tone is presented with the food (E) a different kind of food is presented without a tone A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called (A) a drive (B) a need (C) a motive (D) an emotion (E) an instinct Which of the following correctly describes the firing of neurons? (A) A protoplasmic transfer of ions (B) A finely graded response (C) An all-or-none response (D) An osmotic process (E) A symbiotic function Distrust of others is symptomatic of (A) mania (B) dementia (C) catatonia (D) paranoia (E) hebephrenia Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for (A) decreasing repression (B) sublimating the id (C) strengthening the superego (D) displacing instinctual Which of the following behavior-therapy techniques is typically used to reduce fear of heights? (A) Time-out (B) Punishment (C) Discrimination learning (D) Token economy (E) Systematic desensitization Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as (A) cortisols (B) endorphins (C) glucocorticoids (D) pheromones (E) hormones Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the (A) gyrus cinguli (B) inner ear (C) tendons (D) ossicles (E) ligaments In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? (A) Depressant (B) Narcotic (C) Psychoactive (D) Stimulant (E) Hallucinogen Research findings in the area of interpersonal attraction indicate that individuals are most likely to be attracted to others who are (A) critical of them (B) similar to them in attitudes and values (C) like their parents (D) willing to do favors for them (E) indulgent of their failings On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed’s failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of (A) poor problem representation (B) cognitive accommodation (C) backward masking (D) functional fixedness (E) proactive interference Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning? (A) The startle response of a baby the first time the baby hears thunder (B) A child’s fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog (C) The cry of pain expressed by a man whose hand has been cut on a piece of broken glass (D) The uncontrollable blinking of a woman who has just gotten dust in her eye (E) The salivation of a dog that is halfway through a bowl of its favorite food If a man who is a heavy smoker is given an electric shock every time he takes a puff on a cigarette, which of the following behavior-modification techniques is being used? (A) Systematic desensitization (B) Modeling (C) Aversive conditioning (D) Homogeneous reinforcement (E) Interlocking reinforcement The failure of bystanders to give victims of automobile accidents needed assistance is sometimes explained as an instance of (A) group polarization (B) deindividuation (C) situational attribution (D) diffusion of responsibility (E) mere exposure effect