19th Century Test Euro-nationalism and Imperialism

“Germany is not looking to Prussia's liberalism, but to its power; Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden may indulge liberalism, and yet no one will assign them Prussia's role; Prussia has to coalesce and concentrate its power for the opportune moment, which has already been missed several times; Prussia's borders according to the Vienna Treaties [of 1814-15] are not favorable for a healthy, vital state; it is not by speeches and majority resolutions that the great questions of the time are decided – that was the big mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by iron and blood.” Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, 1862, from a speech about the unification of Germany 1. (A) (B) (C) (D) Based on the above passage, Bismarck’s ideology most clearly reflects which of the following? Alliances grounded in historical traditions The belief in diplomacy and negotiations War as a tool for political purposes Government policies designed to promote regional interests 2. (A) (B) (C) (D) Based on the above passage, it can be inferred that Bismarck was most directly influenced by which of the following movements? Classical Liberalism communism Modern Individualism Identity Nationalism 3. (A) (B) (C) (D) Which of the following led most clearly to the success of Bismarck’s unification policies? Strong support for the Communists The docile nature of the German population Strong support from the Prussian Parliament His social and political connections to the Catholics “Often I have heard the taunt that suffragists are women who have failed to find any normal outlet for their emotions, and are therefore soured and disappointed beings. This is probably not true of any suffragist, and it is most certainly not true of me… …for some years I was rather deeply immersed in my domestic affairs. I was never so absorbed with home and children, however, that I lost interest in community affairs. Dr. Pankhurst did not desire that I should turn myself into a household machine. It was his firm belief that society as well as the family stands in need of women’s services. So while my children were still in their cradles I was serving on the executive committee of the Women’s Suffrage Society, and also on the executive board of the committee which was working to secure the Marriage Women’s Property Act.” Emmeline Pankhurst, British political activist, from her autobiography My Own Story, 1914 4. (A) (B) (C) (D) The passage above is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in 19th century Britain? The increasingly restrictive nature surrounding the responsibilities of motherhood The concept of separate public and private spheres for men and women Expanding use of moral arguments against the feminist movement Marriages based on purely economic considerations 5. (A) (B) (C) (D) Based on the passage above, Emmeline Pankhurst’ views most clearly reflect influence from which of the following? Socialism Anarchism Nationalism Egalitarianism 6. (A) (B) (C) (D) Which of the following was the most direct effect of the trend described in the above passage? Increased militancy among women suffragettes Declining support for feminists by the Liberal Party Emerging competition among numerous suffragist groups Rising numbers of women running for public office 7. (A) (B) (C) (D) The movement depicted in the above passage also led most directly to which of the following long term developments? The formation of labor unions Political revolutions based on worker’s rights International reform movements for women’s equality Conservative backlash and the continued subjugation of women Questions refer to the map below, entitled Baron Haussmann’s Rebuilding of Paris, 1853-1869. Baron Haussmann’s Rebuilding of Paris, 1853-1869 8. (A) (B) (C) (D) Baron Haussmann’s plans for rebuilding Paris, as depicted in the map above, most clearly reflect which main governmental goal? To improve the lives of ordinary people To preserve the city’s medieval character while modernizing To annex Paris suburbs within city limits To improve city defenses against foreign invasion 9. (A) (B) (C) (D) Reforms such as Haussmann’s building programs in the map above led most directly to which of the following? Massive displacement of people living in middle class areas Epidemics and disease spread among the lower classes Economic stimulation through businesses and jobs Creation of socially stratified neighborhoods based on wealth 10. (A) (B) (C) (D) One direct long-term effect of reforms such as Haussmann’s building program was increased traffic issues due to lack of public transportation renovations to the city infrastructure creating a system of sewers population declines due to lack of affordable housing ongoing water supply issues due to population growth “[May 1]…[N]ever…has a war been incited so shamelessly…as the one that Bismarck is currently trying to start against Austria…. Austria is supposed to be mobilizing against Prussia! Any child knows that the opposite is the case.... We…must come down on the side of the unjust cause, because we cannot tolerate the possibility of Austria gaining the upper hand in Germany. [August 19] …[W]hat enviable luck…to have seen this turning-point in German history.... For years I have envied the Italians that they succeeded.... I have wished for a German Cavour and Garibaldi as Germany’s political messiah…. I bow before the genius of Bismarck, who has achieved a masterpiece of political planning and action...how precisely he knew and used all the ways and means—his king, Napoleon, his army, the administration, Austria and her forces.” Rudolf von Ihering, a liberal German politician, two Letters on Otto von Bismarck’s policy of war with Austria, 1866 11. What made Bismarck’s actions most similar to Cavour’s, thus providing evidence to support the comparison made by von Ihering? a. b. c. d. They both used Realpolitik strategies, co-opting nationalist agendas to create a unified state. They both attempted to destabilize the balance of power. They both employed industrialized warfare and weaponry to unify their country. They were both conservatives who attempted to strengthen adherence to religious authorities. 12. The excerpt best reflects which of the following nineteenth-century trends? a. b. c. d. Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including political unification. Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty and individual rights. Governments promoted compulsory public education to advance the goals of nationalism. The reconfiguration of national unity in Austria-Hungary recognized the political power of the largest ethnic minority. Per Capita Levels of Industrialization, 1750-1913 Great Britain Belgium 1750 10 9 1800 16 10 1830 25 14 1860 64 28 1880 87 43 1900 100 56 1913 115 88 United States 4 9 14 21 38 69 126 France 9 9 12 20 28 39 59 Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Russia China India 8 7 8 6 8 7 8 7 8 6 6 6 9 8 8 7 6 6 15 11 10 8 4 3 25 15 12 10 4 2 52 23 17 15 3 1 85 32 26 20 3 2 Found on p. 662 of A History of Western Society, 11th Edition, since 1300, for AP*. Note: All entries are based on an index value of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900. Data for Great Britain includes Ireland, England, Wales, and Scotland. 13. Which of the following nineteenth-century political responses to the problems of industrialization was the most successful? a. b. c. d. Radicals and republicans demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship regardless of wealth and property ownership. Socialists called for a fair distribution of society’s resources and wealth. Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown, thus generating political instability. Feminists pressed for legal, economic, and political rights for women, as well as improved working conditions. “As soon as I entered the Emperor’s [Napoleon III of France’s] study, he…began by saying that he had decided to support Piedmont with all his power in a war against Austria…. …the search for a plausible excuse presented our main problem… seeking grounds for war. [W]e arrived at Massa and Carrara, and there we discovered what we had been…seeking. After I had given the Emperor a description of that unhappy country…we agreed on instigating the inhabitants to petition your Majesty [Victor Emmanuel], asking protection and even demanding the annexation of the Duchies to Piedmont. Your Majesty would decline, but you would take note of the Duke of Modena’s oppressive policy….The Duke, confident of Austrian support, would reply impertinently. Thereupon Your Majesty would occupy Massa, and the war could begin.” Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Letter to King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont, July 24, 1858 14. Which of the following nineteenth-century trends thwarted the Italian objectives pursued by Cavour in his negotiations with Napoleon III? a. b. c. In the first half of the nineteenth century, revolutionaries attempted to destroy monarchical rule across Europe. Austrian foreign policy aimed to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions in central and Eastern Europe since 1815. The revolutions of 1848 challenged the conservative order and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe. d. The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was created in an attempt to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity. 15. Which of the following best reflects the result of the negotiations detailed in the excerpt? a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. Realpolitik strategies, combined with popular military campaigns, led to the unification of Italy. Tensions between Italy and Austria led to the Crimean War, which contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe. Bismarck attempted to maintain the balance of power through a complex system of alliances directed at isolating France. Nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises leading up to World War I. 16. What patterns of political leadership did the statesmen in this document exhibit? aiming to co-opt the agenda of nationalists for the purposes of creating or strengthening the state promoting a program of reform and modernization attempting to suppress movements for change and thus strengthen adherence to religious dictates debating the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance La Gare Saint-Lazare [The Saint-Lazare Train Station], Claude Monet, 1877 17. The scene depicted in the illustration above is most clearly a result of which of the following developments of the late nineteenth century? a. b. c. d. the overcrowding of cities and the decline of rural areas the development of self-conscious working and middle classes the creation of new innovations as a consequence of the Second Industrial Revolution the bourgeois enjoyment of leisure time centering on the family 18. Monet’s painting above best reflects which of the following nineteenth century artistic trends? a. b. c. d. breaking from classical artistic forms to emphasize intuition, the spirit, individuality, emotion, and natural histories the notion that science alone provides knowledge the desire to depict the life of ordinary people and to draw attention to social problems a move beyond the representational to the subjective and expressive “Italians! The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy. To help them with money, arms, and especially men, is the duty of every Italian. If the cities do not offer sufficient basis for insurrection, let the more resolute throw themselves into the open country. A brave man can always find a weapon… Let us arm. Let us fight for our brothers, tomorrow we can fight for ourselves. A handful of brave men, who have followed me into battle for our country, are advancing with me to the rescue. Italy knows them; they always appear at the hour of danger. Brave and generous companions, they have devoted their lives to their country; they will shed their last drop of blood for it, seeking no other reward than that of a pure conscience.” —General Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1860 19. What was the objective of the “brave and generous companions [who]…will shed their last drop of blood”? A. the overthrow of the leadership of Victor Emmanuel B. the removal of the pope as the spiritual and temporal leader of Italy C. the unification of the Italian states into one nation D. the establishment of a monarchy under the leadership of Camillo Cavour 20. What two ideologies motivated Garibaldi? A. Marxism and liberalism B. Romanticism and conservatism C. conservatism and nationalism D. nationalism and republicanism 21. All of the following events helped inspire this action in 1860 EXCEPT A. the creation of an independent, united German state at the Frankfurt Assembly. B. Mazzini’s establishment of the Young Italy Society. C. the 1849 Roman Republic. D. the Italian nationalist uprising in 1831. 22. What government developed in Italy once Garibaldi’s uprising was complete? A. B. C. D. a republican form of government that recognized universal male suffrage a confederation of city-states led by a relatively weak executive council a monarchy led by the Piedmont king Victor Emmanuel a military dictatorship led by General Garibaldi “I accuse Lt-Col du Paty de Clam of having been the diabolical agent of a miscarriage of justice (though unwittingly, I am willing to believe) and then of having defended this evil deed for the past three years through the most preposterous and most blameworthy machinations… I accuse General Billot of having in his hands undeniable proof that Dreyfus was innocent and of having suppressed it, of having committed this crime against justice and against humanity for political purposes, so that the General Staff, which had been compromised would not lose face… As for the persons I have accused, I do not know them: I have not seen them: I feel not rancour or hatred toward them. To me, they are mere entities, mere embodiments of social malfeasance. And the action I am taking here is merely a revolutionary means to hasten the revelation of truth and justice… Let them dare to summon me before a court of law! Let the inquiry be in broad daylight! I am waiting.” —Emile Zola, Letter to the President of the Republic, 1898 23. What had the victim in this newspaper article been falsely accused of? A. passing French military secrets to the Germans B. serving as a double agent for the Russian government C. attempting to assassinate the French president during the French Commune D. stealing funds from the government to pay for a revolution against the Third Republic 24. Why had evidence proving Dreyfus’ innocence been suppressed, resulting in a false conviction? A. The government wanted to cover up Marxist attitudes in France by casting blame in a different direction. B. Dreyfus was a victim of anti-Semitic attitudes in both society and the government. C. The guilty party was a popular government figure and the president wanted to spare him. D. It came from a member of the German press corps and people were hesitant to believe it. 25. What did the Dreyfus affair help convince Theodor Herzl to do? A. demand the immediate resignation of the French president B. call for the arrest and prosecution of Emile Zola for libel C. launch the European Zionist movement D. organize the first human rights organization “The possession of private property is a right given to man by nature…There is no reason why the directing power of the state should be brought in; for man is prior to the state, and therefore he must have had by nature the right to preserve his life and person before any community was organized…The necessary materials for the preservation of life are lavishly supplied by the earth; but the earth could not supply them by itself without man’s cultivation, and since man applies the activity of his mind and the strength of his body in the production of the good things of nature, it follows that he claims for himself the portion of physical nature which he has himself tended, which he has in a sense stamped with his own personal impress. That men should commonly unite in associations of this kind [labor unions and the like], whether made up wholly of workers or of both classes together, is to be welcomed…Natural law grants man the right to join particular associations, and the state is appointed to support natural law, not to destroy it…” —Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum 26. Which economic theorist would have vehemently disagreed with Pope Leo XIII’s analysis in this selection from the Rerum Novarum? A. Robert Owen B. Karl Marx C. G. K Chesterton D. Adam Smith 27. What was the political impact of the ideology advocated by Pope Leo XIII in Rerum Novarum? A. Socialist ideology gained strength in most western European nations, since the Pope seemed to be supporting the fundamental ideas of socialism. B. Suffrage for both men and women was introduced in both France and England by the end of the nineteenth century. C. The role of national governments decreased as local governments increased in power. D. New democratic Catholic political parties emerged throughout Europe. 28. Which idea found in Rerum Novarum would nineteenth century socialists have agreed with? A. Private property is a natural right that cannot be denied to a person. B. The government’s primary job is to protect people’s private property. C. Workers should be permitted to join labor unions in order to ensure fair treatment by employers. D. The government should take a “hands off” approach in dealing with labor unions. “There is considerable debate among historians as to Bismarck’s ultimate motivations in establishing a united German empire. Some suggest that he always remained at heart a Junker and a Prussian patriot who simply concluded that, if German unification was inevitable, it was best that the Prussian kingdom play the central role and ensure the creation of a conservative empire. Having presided over unification, Bismarck, as imperial chancellor, was determined to forge an imperial national identity. If the Second Reich was to be internally cohesive, he believed, Germans would have to subordinate their regional, political and religious loyalties to a new national allegiance. During these same years, Bismarck devoted considerable energies to diplomatic affairs, with the intention of establishing a peaceful European order in which the greatest threats, in Bismarck’s estimation, came from a vengeful France and from the potentially volatile Balkan, where Austria and Russian interests might well collide as the decaying Ottoman Empire declined further.” —Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies – Biographies in Western Civilization, Vol. 2, “The Age of Nationalism – Otto von Bismarck” 29. Jonathan Perry suggests that Bismarck’s political loyalties were most closely associated with the A. traditional noble landlords. B. rising industrial middle class. C. working and artisan groups. D. progressive Catholic political party. 30. Why would France be seeking revenge against Bismarck and Germany? A. France lost an important iron-producing colony in central Africa to Germany. B. Germany allied with Britain in the Crimean War against France, leading to a French loss. C. France lost the Franco-Prussian war and had paid a large war indemnity as a result. D. Germany seized several French ports and the fleets in order to expand German naval presence. 31. Which two ideologies did Bismarck most embrace during German unification? A. liberalism and romanticism B. socialism and Catholicism C. Social Darwinism and utilitarianism D. nationalism and conservatism “The main conclusion here arrived at, and now held by many naturalists who are well competent to form a sound judgment, is that man is descended from some less highly organised form. The grounds upon which this conclusion rests will never be shaken, for the close similarity between man and the lower animals in embryonic development, as well as in innumerable points of structure and constitution, both of high and of the most trifling importance…are facts which cannot be disputed… We must however, acknowledge, as it seems to me, that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system – with all these exalted powers – Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin.” —Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 1871 32. What major idea concerning evolution did Darwin articulate in both this selection and On the Origin of Species? A. uniformitarianism B. positivism C. utilitarianism D. natural selection 33. In what way did Herbert Spencer take the ideas articulated by Darwin and apply them to social relationships and ethics? A. He stated that people had an obligation to help those who were in need. B. He argued that competition among people was good because it allowed the strongest to rise to the top of society. C. He said that revolutions were a necessary stage in the evolution of man as he progressed towards perfection. D. He taught that the teaching of evolution would disrupt people’s ability to make rational ethical decisions. 34. The passage on “Prostitutes” by Flora Tristan illustrates the emergence of which of the following a. b. c. d. Reform movements seeking government intervention to alleviate problems associated with rural life Feminist movements seeking improvements in the legal, economic and political rights of women. Organized socialist movements focused on female involvement in the worker’s revolution. Mainstream political party programs speaking to the needs of their constituents. 35. The passage is particularly focused on improving women’s legal rights as demonstrated in which of the following lines A. B. “if chastity had not been imposted on the woman for the sake of virtue” If you allowed her to have the same education, the same occupations and professions C. D. This infamy blights the human race and testifies against the social order much more than the crime Expose her to all of the misuses of force, through despotic paternal power and the indissolubility of marriage “The policy of colonial expansion is a political and economic system…that can be connected to three sets of ideas: economic ideas; the most farreaching ideas of civilization; and ideas of a political and patriotic sort. In the area of economics, I am placing before you…the considerations that justify the policy of colonial expansion, as seen from the perspective of a need, felt more urgently by the industrialized population of Europe and especially the people of…France: the need for outlets [that is, for exports]…. We must say openly…the higher races have a right over the lower races…. I repeat, that the superior races…have the duty to civilize the inferior races….” Jules Ferry, Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, 1884 36. What distinguished imperialism in the late nineteenth century from historical patterns of colonization dating back to the fifteenth century? a. b. c. d. Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and religious superiority. European national rivalries and strategic concerns fostered competition for colonies. The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods drove Europeans to colonize. Imperial encounters with non-European peoples influenced the styles and subject matter of artists and writers. 37. Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the process that Ferry advocated for in this excerpt? a. b. c. d. Non-Europeans began to challenge European imperialism through nationalist movements. Imperialism generated wars among rival European nations. Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial superiority. The League of Nations distributed former German and Ottoman possessions to France and Great Britain through the mandate system. 38. Which of the following was least significant in facilitating the process supported by Ferry? a. b. c. d. Advances in medicine supported European control of Africa and Asia by saving European lives. Communication and transportation technologies allowed for the creation of European empires. Diplomatic tensions among European states strained alliance systems. The development of advanced weaponry ensured the military superiority of Europeans over colonized areas. The following 2 questions refer to the image below. “The Rhodes Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo.” Caricature of Cecil John Rhodes in Punch magazine, December 10, 1892. 39. Which of the following best describes the motivation reflected in the political cartoon above? a. b. c. d. the search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods strategic and nationalist considerations direct access to gold and spices the spread of the Christian faith and countering Islam 40. Which of the following pieces of evidence best illustrates a late nineteenth-century effect of the actions shown in the cartoon above? a. b. c. d. Non-Europeans led successful nationalist uprisings, which led to independence for most before 1945. Extreme nationalist parties in Europe rose to prominence and focused on anti-immigration policies. Diplomatic tensions and competition among European states strained the alliance system. The exchange of goods shifted the center of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states. “The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians… By what right do they then in return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people?… Since it is not permitted to do harm in your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries – how much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to people… Now we have set up regulations governing the Chinese people. He who sells opium shall receive the death penalty and he who smokes it also the death penalty… [I]n the new regulations, in regard to the barbarians who bring opium to China, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation. This is what is called getting rid of a harmful thing on behalf of mankind…” —Letter from Lin Tse-hsu (Chinese official) to Queen Victoria of England, 1839 41. What motivated the British trade discussed by Lin Tse-hsu? 42. A. retaliation for overpriced goods like silk and tea B. concern over the closure of Chinese markets to British textiles C. fear that the Chinese market would be taken over by other European nations, as well as the United States D. desire of merchants to use goods secured in India to improve their trade position in China What was the British response to this request by the Chinese government? A. The British instigated a war using free trade as the justification. B. The British abandoned the opium trade in order to preserve access to Chinese markets. C. The British negotiated a trade agreement that allowed limited opium trade in the port of Canton. D. The British elected to leave the Chinese market entirely and turned their attention in India. 43. As a result of this disagreement with China, Great Britain ultimately received all of the following from China EXCEPT A. control of Hong Kong. B. reparations payments from China. C. tax-free access to Chinese silk and tea. D. permission for Christian missionaries to act freely in China. 44. What nineteenth century liberal idea about free trade was challenged by this disagreement with China? A. Tariffs on trade were the best way to secure a nation’s economic interests. B. Free trade led to peaceful relationships with other countries. C. Opening foreign markets in East Asia would prove to be an impossible task for European nations. D. Rising nations like the United States would not be able to challenge European trade interests in Asia. “In the partition of the earth, as it has proceeded from the beginning of the fifteenth century up to our times, the German nation received nothing. All the remaining European culture-bearing peoples possess areas outside our continent where their languages take firm root and flourish… The German Reich, great in size and strength through its bloodily achieved unity, stands in the leading position among the continental European powers: her sons abroad must adapt themselves to nations which look upon us with either indifference or even hostility…This fact, so painful to national pride, also represents a great economic disadvantage for our Volk. Every year our Fatherland loses the capacity of approximately 200,000 Germans. The greatest amount of this capacity flows directly into the camp of our economic competitors and increases the strength of our rivals…The alleviation of this national grievance requires taking practical steps and strong action. In recognition of this point of view, a society has been organized in Berlin…to undertake on its own…carefully chosen colonization projects…” —Carl Peters, A Manifesto for German Colonization, 1884 45. According to Carl Peters, what is the greatest disadvantage the German nation experienced because they had not developed a colonial empire? 46. A. Germans were immigrating to other European states because there were no German colonies to move to. B. German economic power benefitted other states, rather than Germany, because they did not have any colonies they could economically develop. C. German culture was being lost to other European nations because they had no colonies to spread their culture to. D. Their ability to become a continental power was severely limited since they did not have any colonial interests outside of Europe. How economically valuable were the places that Carl Peters and the Germans colonized? A. Colonies like Tanganyika proved to be an enormous economic boon for the Germans. B. Colonies in western Africa failed to have an economic impact, but the Germans benefitted from their colonies in east Africa. C. While their African colonies were productive, German interests in Asia failed to produce economic benefits. D. German colonies failed to provide much strategic or economic benefit for Germany. 47. Why did Otto von Bismarck support the colonial ideas of Carl Peters and others? A. He understood that their strategic position in future warfare was dependent on controlling critical colonies across the globe. B. He wanted to improve their overall position in Europe and to redirect French attention away from Germany by shifting the focus to colonization. C. He was fearful of the economic and political power that Britain held in their colonies and he recognized the need to create buffer zones around the world that limited British expansion. D. He knew that the growing industrial power of the Russian Empire meant that Germany needed colonies that they could use for resources in the event that war broke out between Russia and Germany. “It is with the peoples of Africa, then, that our inquiry is concerned. It is they who carry the ‘Black Man’s’ burden. They have not withered away before the white man’s occupation…The African has resisted, and persisted…What the white man has failed to do; what the mapping out of European political ‘spheres of influence’ has failed to do; what the maxim and the rifle; the slave gang, labor in the bowels of the earth have failed to do; what imported measles, smallpox and syphilis have failed to do; what even the oversea slave trade failed to do, the flower of modern capitalistic exploitation, assisted by modern engines of destruction, may yet succeed in accomplishing. For from the evils of the latter, scientifically applied and enforced, there is not escape for the African… It kills not the body merely, but the soul. It breaks the spirit. It attacks the African at every turn, from every point of vantage. It wrecks his polity, uproots him from the land, invades his family life, destroys his natural pursuits and occupations, claims his whole time, enslaves him in his own home.” —Edward D. Morel, The Black Man’s Burden, 1920 48. All of the following places carried The Black Man’s Burden as Morel described it except A. Kenya. B. South Africa. C. Algeria. D. Ethiopia. 49. While the exploitation of Africa by the Europeans was generally offensive, Morel was particularly outraged by the cruelties against the Africans in which of the following regions? A. Belgium Congo B. Sudan C. Libya D. German Southwest Africa 50. Morel’s piece The Black Man’s Burden is a reference to Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden. What is the fundamental difference between these two pieces? A. Kipling believed that the African states would be able to keep their autonomy, while Morel recognized they would lose it. B. Morel argued that economic imperialism was acceptable, as long as it did not involve conquest, while Kipling believed imperialism required both economic and political control. C. Kipling generally defended imperialism, while Morel criticized it. D. Morel advocated violent revolution to overthrow the colonial powers and Kipling suggested that the Africans would gradually be politically integrated into the colonized state without resorting to revolution. Albert Reiger, The Suez Canal, 1864 51. A. B. C. D. What specific benefit did the Europeans receive from the construction of the project shown in the painting above? It gave the British direct control of the eastern portion of the Saharan desert. It allowed for the construction of the Aswan dam, which provided power to the European colonies in Africa. It opened a passage for European ships to travel directly between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. It allowed the Europeans to establish control in the Palestinian region by cutting off contact with the Ottomans. 52. A. B. C. D. Who was principally responsible for the construction and promotion of this construction project? Ferdinand Lesseps Victor Emmanuel II Cecil Rhodes Tsar Alexander III “ARTICLE II. His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees that British Subjects, with their families and establishments, shall be allowed to reside, for the purpose of carrying on their Mercantile pursuits, without molestation or restraint at the Cities and Towns of Canton, Amoy, Foochow-fu, Ningpo, and Shanghai… ARTICLE III. It being obviously necessary and desirable, that British Subjects should have some Port whereat they may careen and refit their Ships, when required, and keep Stores for that purpose, His Majesty the Emperor of China cedes to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc., the Island of Hongkong, to be possessed in perpetuity… ARTICLE IV. The Emperor of China agrees to pay the sum of Six Millions of Dollars as the value of Opium which was delivered up at Canton in the month of March 1839, as a Ransom for the lives of Her Britannic Majesty’s Superintendent and Subjects, who had been imprisoned and threatened with death by the Chinese High Officers. ARTICLE V. The Government of China having compelled the British Merchants trading at Canton to deal exclusively with certain Chinese Merchants…who had been licensed by the Chinese Government for that purpose, the Emperor of China agrees to abolish that practice in future at all Ports where British Merchants may reside, and to permit them to carry on their mercantile transactions with whatever persons they please…” —The Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 53. What event resulted in the creation of this treaty in 1842? 54. A. competition in the Pacific due to the American opening of Japan to trade B. the closing of Atlantic trade routes after American independence movements C. the dethronement of the Chinese emperor which jeopardized British trade interests D. British success against China in the Opium War Which of the following was a provision of the Treaty of Nanking not included in the selection above? A. trade with the United States was prohibited B. local political officials gained seats in a newly formed legislature C. China was opened to Christian missionaries D. the British gave industrial technology to China in exchange for trade privileges Africa, 1914 55. The division of Africa into the various European possessions represented in the above map was most directly a result of (A) a European desire to spread Christian values (B) unemployment and overcrowding in European urban centers (C) economic rivalries among European industrialized nations (D) attempts to maintain the balance of power among European states 56. Which of the following best reflects the main goal of the division of Africa into the various European possessions represented in the above map? (A) Access to raw materials and labor (B) Opening of new trade markets for European imports (C) Exportation of European culture and values (D) Creation of new areas for exploration and scientific discovery 57. Europeans justified the partitioning of Africa seen in the map above by which of the following? (A) The belief that African nations were backward and in need of protection (B) The belief in the need to spread ideals of the Enlightenment movement (C) The belief in the expansion of European Industrialization (D) The belief in the cultural superiority of the white race 58. One direct long-term effect of the Partition of Africa as depicted in the map above was (A) increased cooperation and economic harmony among European powers (B) assimilation of most Africans into European culture (C) escalating conflicts and rivalries among competing European nations (D) the resurgence of slavery within the African continent 59. Rudyard Kipling’s “white man’s burden” referred to A. the social costs of industrialization. B. the difficulties of reaching consensus in a democratic society. C. the white race’s supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races. D. the high costs of maintaining colonial rule 60. What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85? A. It set the terms for the division of China into economic zones of influence. B. It declared Africa off-limits to colonization. C. It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers. D. It established high tariffs to protect German industry. “That children are employed generally at nine years old in the coal pits and sometimes at eight. In fact, the smaller the vein of coal is in height, the younger and smaller are the children required; the work occupies from six to seven hours per day in the pits; they are not ill-used or worked beyond their strength; a good deal of depravity exists but they are certainly not worse in morals than in other branches of the Sheffield trade, but upon the whole superior; the morals of this district are materially improving; Mr. Bruce, the clergyman, has been zealous and active in endeavoring to ameliorate their moral and religious education….” Mr. Payne, coal master, testimony gathered by the Ashley Mines Commission, 1841-42. Found on p. 672 of A History of Western Society, 11th Edition, since 1300, for AP* “I’m sure I don’t know how to spell my name. We go at four in the morning, and sometimes at half-past four. We begin to work as soon as we get down. We get out after four, sometimes at five, in the evening. We work the whole time except an hour for dinner, and sometimes we haven’t time to eat. I hurry [move coal wagons underground] by myself, and have done so for long. I know the corves [small coal wagons] are very heavy, they are the biggest corves anywhere about. The work is far too hard for me….” Ann Eggley, 18-year-old hurrier, testimony gathered by the Ashley Mines Commission, 1841-42. Found on p. 672 of A History of Western Society, 11th Edition, since 1300, for AP* 61. The excerpts above most directly reflect which of the following developments? a. b. c. d. Britain’s ready supply of coal and iron ore, and other essential raw materials, promoted industrial growth The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods drove Europeans to colonize Africa. With migration from rural to urban areas in industrialized regions, cities experienced overcrowding. The problems of industrialization provoked a wide range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses. L’Enfant de Fabrique (The Child of the Factory), from Les Français Peints par Eux-Mêmes: Encyclopédie Morale du Dix-Neuvième Siècle (The French Paint for Themselves: Encyclopedia of Morals of the Nineteenth Century), vol. 1, 1841 62. Which of the following developments is best reflected in the image? a. b. c. d. Mechanization and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by the early twentieth century. The cottage industry expanded as increasing numbers of laborers in homes produced for markets, reducing factory production. Peasantry, commercial agriculture, and serfdom developed, allowing nobles to retain economic control. Volatility in the nineteenth-century economy led to financial collapse, increased tariffs, and increased child labor. 63. This image best illustrates which of the following historical developments? a. b. c. d. Bourgeoisie families developed distinct gender roles. The division of labor led to the development of new social classes. Socialism developed to call for a fair distribution of society’s resources. Marxism developed as a critique of capitalism. “When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford…mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become…when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power…” —Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures, 1835 64. Which of the following contributed to the rise of the new labor system in England that Andrew Ure referenced? A. competition from continental powers like Prussia and Austria B. available supply of natural materials like coal and iron ore C. French investment in English infrastructure D. the loss of colonial financial opportunity 65. Who was most likely to provide the capital needed for this system of labor and production? A. factory owner B. Parliament C. the monarchy D. foreign investors Joseph William Turner – Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway, 1844 66. This painting best illustrates which of the following nineteenth century artistic movements? A. Romanticism B. the Pre-Rapahelite School C. Realism D. the Art Nouveau movement The following 5 questions refer to the cartoon below. John Leech, Punch Magazine, “Capital and Labour,” 1843 67. The scenes depicted in this cartoon are most indicative of which of the following reactions to social changes in the midnineteenth century? a. b. c. d. Socialists called for a fair distribution of society’s resources and wealth. Radicals in Britain demanded universal male suffrage without regard to wealth and property ownership. Conservatives developed a new ideology in support of traditional authorities. Anarchists asserted that governmental authority should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation. 68. Published in Punch Magazine, this cartoon presents a critique of a. b. c. d. various private, nongovernmental reform movements that sought to lift up the deserving poor. early feminists who argued that equal rights should be extended to women. socialists who evolved from a utopian to a Marxist “scientific” critique of capitalism. anarchists who advocated replacing governmental authority with a society based on voluntary cooperation. 69. The three scenes at the top right of the cartoon best illustrate which of the following developments associated with the Second Industrial Revolution? a. b. c. d. the search for raw materials and markets for finished goods government reforms intended to regulate public health the emergence of mass-based political parties as sophisticated vehicles for reform increased production and demand for a new range of consumer goods 70. Which of the following was a significant response to the conditions depicted in the cartoon? a. b. c. d. Economic motivations for marriage diminished as the middle-class notion of companionate marriage began to be adopted by the working classes. By the end of the nineteenth century, laws restricting child labor improved wages and the quality of life for the working class. Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial superiority. Liberals debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance. 71. The scenes depicted in this cartoon best serve as evidence to support the ideology of which of the following groups? a. b. c. d. labor unions and movements, which later developed into political parties that promoted social and economic reforms feminists who pressed for legal, economic, and political rights for women liberals who shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic and social policies on behalf of the less privileged nationalists who espoused romantic idealism “That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom… That such disease, wherever its attacks are frequent, is always found in connexion with the physical circumstances above specified, and that where those circumstances are removed by drainage, proper cleaning, better ventilation, and other means of diminishing atmospheric impurity, the frequency and intensity of such disease is abated; and where the removal of noxious agencies appears to be complete, such disease almost entirely disappears… The primary and most important measures, and at the same time the most practicable, and within the recognized province, and within the recognized province of public administration, are drainage, the removal of all refuse of habitations, streets, and roads, and the improvement of the supplies of water.” —Edwin Chadwick, Summary from the Poor Law Commissioners 72. What specific type of reform did Chadwick’s Summary from the Poor Law Commissioners help promote? A. hospital reform B. sanitation reform C. medical vaccinations for children D. government-provided medical care 73. What disease outbreak prompted this report by Edwin Chadwick? A. cholera B. malaria C. smallpox D. tuberculosis 74. A. B. C. D. What specific reforms were introduced in England in response to Chadwick’s Summary from the Poor Law Commissioners? widespread vaccinations to prevent the spread of disease the building of new water and sewer systems new medical practices, including the quarantining of sick patients in hospitals the introduction of early air pollution controls on factories that used coal “Although we are ready to submit wholly to the popular will, we regard as none the less our duty, as a party, to appear before the people with our program…It is as follows: 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. Perpetual popular representation…having full power to act in all national questions. 2. General local self-government, secured by the election of all officers, and the economic independence of the people. The self-controlled village commune as the economic and administrative unit. Ownership of the land by the people. A system of measures having for their object the turning over to the laborers of all mining works and factories. Complete freedom of conscience, speech, association, public meeting, and electioneering activity. In view of the stated aim of the party its operations may be classified as follows: 1. 2. Propaganda and agitation. Destructive and terroristic activity. Terroristic activity consists in the destruction of the most harmful persons in the Government, the protection of the party from spies, and the punishment of official lawlessness and violence in all the most prominent and important cases in which such lawlessness and violence are manifested. The aim of such activity is to break down the prestige of Governmental power…” —Revolutionary Manifesto of The People’s Will, Russia 75. What was the goal of the people who issued this revolutionary manifesto? A. the creation of a stateless society in which no national government was present B. the introduction of a government based on popular representation C. the implementation of a socialist economic system as Marx envisioned it D. the instigation of a war with the newly independent German state to gain territory in Eastern Europe 76. What did Alexander III do in response to the actions of The People’s Will? A. He created a number of local assemblies and empowered them to make local decisions. B. He wrote a constitution, but did not include any protection for individual rights in the constitution. C. He convened the Duma for the first time in two centuries and empowered them to implement significant legislative changes. D. He adopted a policy of autocratic repression that overturned most of his father’s reforms. 77. The People’s Will took which of the following actions as they sought to accomplish the goals listed above? A. They assassinated Tsar Alexander II in the hopes of ending the autocracy. B. They organized and participated in a number of crippling labor strikes, forcing the government to negotiate with the worker. C. They staged a violent uprising in the countryside in order to convince former serfs to join their liberal cause. D. They took advantage of the first free elections in Russian history to elect candidates who were defenders of democracy. “By the Grace of God WE, Alexander II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc., make known to all OUR faithful subjects: Examining the condition of classes and professions comprising the state, WE became convinced that the present state legislation favors the upper and middle classes, defines their obligations, rights, and privileges, but does not equally favor the serfs, so designated because in part from old laws and in part from custom they have been hereditarily subjected to the authority of landowners, who in turn were obligated to provide for their well being… Having invoked Divine assistance, WE have resolved to execute this task. On the basis of the above-mentioned new arrangements, the serfs will receive in time the full rights of free rural inhabitants. The nobles, while retaining their property rights to all the lands belonging to them, grant the peasants perpetual use of their household plots in return for a specified obligation; and, to assure their livelihood as well as to guarantee fulfillment of their obligations toward the government, [the nobles] grant them a portion of arable land fixed by the said arrangements as well as other property. While enjoying these land allotments, the peasants are obliged, in return, to fulfill obligations to the noblemen fixed by the same arrangements. In this status, which is temporary, the peasants are temporarily bound. WE also rely upon the zealous devotion of OUR nobility, to whom WE express OUR gratitude and that of the entire country as well, for the unselfish support it has given to the realization of OUR designs. Russia will not forget that the nobility, motivated by its respect for the dignity of man and its Christian love of its neighbor, has voluntarily renounced serfdom, and has laid the foundation of a new economic future for the peasants…” —Alexander II Nikolaevitch, Regulations Concerning Peasants Leaving Serf Dependence, 1861 78. What motivated Alexander II to issue the proclamation outlined in this document? A. He was embarrassed that Russia was the last European nation to still have serfdom. B. He was inspired by Abraham Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. C. His religious beliefs emphasized the equality of all people. D. He believed that serfdom had prevented Russia from becoming a world power. 79. A. B. C. D. What European military conflict highlighted the negative impact that serfdom had on Russia’s development? the Crimean War the Franco-Prussian War the Revolutions of 1848 the Russo-Japanese War 80. A. B. C. D. How was the proclamation’s description of the nobles’ role in emancipation different than their actual role? It says the nobles will retain their land, but they actually gave it up voluntarily. It says that nobles voluntarily supported ending serfdom, but they actually opposed abolishing serfdom. It says the nobles will guarantee jobs for the former serfs, but they refused to do so. It says the nobles will be allowed to collect payment from the former serfs, but they chose not to collect it. Short Answer For this question, answer parts A), B), and C). A) Identify and explain one similarity between the First and Second Industrial Revolution. B) Identify and explain one difference between the First and Second Industrial Revolution. C) Did the First or Second Industrial Revolution have a more transformative impact on European society? Explain your answer. Free Response Question 1. What prompted European governments to implement policies to address problems associated with industrialization and urbanization and what policies did they implement? Did these governmental policies effectively solve the problems they attempted to resolve?