University:
Mt. San Antonio College
Course:
CHEM 20 | Biochemistry
Academic year:

2024
Views:

54

Pages:

1
Author:

Carlo M.

BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY • MODULE 4 - PROCESSES IN BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS • • • • biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. biochemistry deals with structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Metabolism o set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. o Purposes of Metabolism ▪ the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes ▪ the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates ▪ the elimination of metabolic wastes. o Catabolism ▪ Also known as destructive metabolism ▪ catabolism is the process of breaking down large fat, protein, and/or carbohydrate molecules to use for energy. o Anabolism ▪ Biosynthesis ▪ set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. ▪ the building-up aspect of metabolism o o o o o TYPES OF TRANSPORT • • ACTIVE TRANSPORT o Requires energy o Goes against the concentration gradient PASSIVE TRANSPORT o Does not require energy o Goes with the concentration gradient • PASSIVE TRANSPORT • • Simple diffusion o Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration o Requires NO energy Molecules that Diffuse through Cell Membranes o Oxygen – Non-polar so diffuses very quickly. o CO2 – Polar but very small so diffuses quickly. o Water – Polar but also very small so diffuses quickly Osmosis o spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane o a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. Isotonic - a solution whose solute concentration is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell. Hypotonic - a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell Hypertonic - a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell. Cytolysis - occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell Plasmolysis - process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. Facilitated diffusion o Does not require energy o Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration o Molecules will randomly move through the pores in Channel Proteins. o Channel proteins - are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross o Carrier proteins - can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other ACTIVE TRANSPORT • • • • • Requires energy or ATP Moves materials from low to high concentration Against concentration gradient Endocytosis o Large molecules move materials into the cell by one of three forms of endocytosis. o Pinocytosis - cell drinking o Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) - known as clathrin mediated endocytosis; cell absorbs, metabolise hormones and proteins o Phagocytosis - cell - eating Exocytosis o Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse the with the plasma membrane. o This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve cells communicate with each other.