Answers to Grammar Exercises

Chapter 1!The Sentence.v pp.1=23 Choices: Exploring Sentences, p. 1 Choices activities are designed to. extend and enrich students' understanding of grammar, usage, and mechanics and to take learners beyond traditional classroom instruction. To use the Choices worksheet, have each student pick an activity that interests him or her. In some cases, you may wish to assign an activity to a particular student or group of students. You may also want to request that students get your approval for the activities they choose. Establish guidelines for what constitutes successful com­ pletion of an activity. Then, help students plan how they will share their work with the rest of the class. Choices activities can be scored with a pass­ fail grade or treated as bonus-point projects. Those activities that require students to research or create a certain number of items might be graded in a traditional maimer. Sentences and Sentence Fragments A, p. 2 EXERCISE A. 1, 2, 3, 4-, S F S F $, s 6. F 1, F 8. S 9. F 10. F EXERCIS!:8 Answers will van;. Sample responses are given. 11, Yesterday, a f ortunate turn of events brought a new friend into my life. 12, The cat sat at the window watching the rain dripping from the edge of the roof. 13, The surprise birthday party guests waited just inside the front door. 14, His remarkable hat, with a wide brim and a pheasant feather in the hatband, signaled the audience that he was the play's hero. 1 S, How could any enemy invade the castle, built with huge, gray stones? Sentences and Sentence Fragments C, p. 4 EXERCISE A 1, ::t 3. 4, S F F F s, s 6. F 1, F 8. S 9. F 10. S EXERCISE 8 Answers will van;. Sample responses are given. 11, At dawn, the mountains in the ea st began to glow with faint colors. 12, The tumbleweed was tossed and turned by the wind. 13, Because it's snowing tonight, the skiing will be wonderful tomorrow. 14. Whenever I see a sunset, I marvel at its beauty. 1 S. The colorful tropical fish are more expen­ sive than the freshwater fish. EXERCISI': B Answers will van;. Sample responses are given. 11. She sat down after she spoke. 12. She spoke for thirty minutes about her research on whales. 13. Seen from shore, a pod of whales is an Subjects and Predicates, p, 5 exciting sight. EXERCISE A 14. The woman in the boat was close enough to 5, S 3. S take pictures of the whales. 4, p 2. S 15, Walking on the beach, we talked about !:XERC!S!: B other sea mammals. 6. Roald Amundsen led the first successful Sentefl'bces aind Semtem:e Fragments B, p. 3 expedition to the South Pole in 1911. EXERCISE A 1, 2. 3. 4. F S F S 5. S 6. F 7. S 8, S 9. F 10. S 7, The well-seasoned Amundsen �s nearly forty years old at the time. 8. Much earlier in life, Amundsen had planned for a career in medicine. 14. An intellig;ent bird, the 8can sometimes learn simple words and phrases. 9. By age twenty-five, the adventurous young man had changed his goal to a life at sea. 15, Like the parrot, the�mimics phrases of human speech. 10. Who first reached the North Pole? 11. The United States explorer Robert E. Pearv claimed to be the first. 12. Another U.S. explorer, Frederick Cook, made the same claim. '13, Peary's claim was accepted by Congress. 14. The American admiral Richard Byrd made the first flight over the South Pole in 1929. 1.5. Byrd had made the first flight over the North Pole in 1926 with Floyd Bennett. Sin1ple and Complete Subjects, p. 6 EXERCISE A 3. SS 1. CS 5, SS 4. CS 2, SS EXERCISER 6, One fascinating nocturnal€}§Dis the aardvark. Simple and Complete Predicates, p. 7 EXERCISE A 1, Motion-picture cameras and projectors (/ were invented in the mid-1890s. CP 2. The first projected rnovie was shown in Paris in 1895. CP 3. Thomas Edison �ed develop the movie projector. 4. At first, movies must have amazed people. (/ 5. For many years, rnoviegoers watched newsreels at movie theaters. EXERCISE B 6. Our trip8us through misty mountains and shady, green forests. 1, Dairy cows€ere graziiig) on the lower slopes of the hills. "/, That strangeSalways makes me laugh. 8. We@3at our destination before late afternoon. 8. Another{aiumal)with a strange name is the platypus. 9, The whole family as looki f@forward to a pleasant vacation. 9. @of the biggest moths in the world was named for Hercules, a mythological hero. 10, The�captures ants and other insects in its sand traps. ff 10. (lfaVe)you ever�air as pure as country air? 11, We@a3as many outdoor activities as possible. 11, The€madillo)lives as far north as Texas and as far south as Argentina. 12, My personal favorite@the daily canoe trip upriver. U. Some([imadillo])may be up to five feet long. 13, My older brotherQnever €"3be£ore. 13, The§ingsp< iB)of the American crow can reach up to three feet. 14, @he�fish from the stream for break­ fast? 15, My sister�several trout. Verb Phrases EXERCISE A 2. This eight-legged pest is related to the tick ' and the spider. 1. I had used a computer only a few times before this school year. 3, Do you ever wash your pillow in very hot 2. My classmates and I will soon be computer experts. 4, Someone in your household should proba­ bly do so as soon as possible. 3, Shouldn't every student have experience with the latest technology? 4, We have been using the computer for research assignments. S, For example, yesterday I was researching Mark Twain. 6. I had not yet read The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. "J, I lNas surfing the Internet in the computer lab. 8, I had quickly found a complete copy of the book on the Internet. 9, Since then, I have read as much of the story as possible. 10. Can you believe my good fortune? water? 5, The daily diet of the dust mite consists of tiny skin flakes on your pillow and sheets. 6, The creatures leave tiny waste droppings in your bed. '1. These microscopic droppings mix with dust in your bedroom and in the house. 8, Unfortunately, this tainted dust may cause an allergic reaction in you or a family member. 9, Can a concerned person remove these pesky flesh-eaters from bedding? 'IO, Any person with laundry skills can wash bedding in the hottest wash cycle possible. Ex1:Rc1se B EXERCISE B 11. The body of the bedbug is flat and wingless. 11, Please dc@forget my e-mail address. U. This bloodthirsty bug belongs to the insect 12, Every day during the holidays,@will check my messages. class. 13, I have�enjoyed your friendly notes. 13, The blood of mammals such as humans forms the bedbug's diet. 14. We will@obablx,)exchange e-mails all sum­ mer long. 14,, A bedbug may grow to a length of a quarter of an inch. 15, �technology becoming part of every­ one's social life? 15, The little insect usually sucks the blood of its host at night. Compiete and Simple Subjects and Predicates, p.9! i:l(ERCISE A 1, The microscopic dust mite was discovered less than three decades ago. Compound Subjeds, !JI, 10 EXERCISE A 1, Live oaks and white oaks should not be confused with one another. 2. The redwood and the sequoia are found in California. 3, In all, more than nine hundred species of bats exist and find habitats worldwide. 3. Douglas firs and other trees of the pine family appeal to Christmas-tree shoppers. 4. Bats are the world's only flying mammals and may have wingspans of over five feet. 4,, Most conifers and many broad-leaved plants are evergreen. S. The flying fox, a fruit bat, hangs in trees and can have a wingspread more than five feet across. 5. Does the cypress or the magnolia bear cones? 6. Maples and elms are deciduous trees. 6. The bumblebee bat has a five-inch wingspan and weighs less than a dime. 7. In the autumn these and other deciduous trees lose their leaves. 7, All mammals, including bats and humans, grow fur or hair and nurse their young. 8, Do the reds and golds of autumn trees appeal to your sense of beauty? 8. Honduran white bats grow long white fur and eat only fruit. 9. During the fall my best friend and I always gather -colorful leaves. 9, The vampire bat drinks cows' blood but sel-· dom consumes human blood. 10. These fragile, beautiful leaves and our original poems make special cards for friends. EXERCISGB Answers will van;. Sample responses are given. 11. Tucked away in my school bag are my books and other supplies. U, Either our school's amateur comedian or my best friend Todd will be voted Funniest Student of the Year. 13, Will a good band or a DJ be at your party on Saturday? 14. A muddy dog and a kid with a flashlight came bounding out of the murky darkness straight toward me. 15, In the school cafeteria today, spaghetti and spinach lasagna are the two main dishes. Compound Verbs, p. 11 EXERCISE A �, Some bats can fly sixty miles per hour and can also soar to a height of ten thousand feet. 2. Some species of bats fly much more slowly and cannot reach the same heights as others do. 10, This bat bites its prey and then hungrily laps blood from the wound. EXERCISER Answers will van;. Sample responses are given. 11. In the backyard, my puppy digs holes and buries her toys. 12, Can Keisha study and eat during lunch period? 13, Every so often, I snooze and snore. 14. We run laps or climb bleachers at the track after school. 15, Do the seventh graders tutor younger kids or help them with tests? 16, Birds and squirrels squabble and tussle with each other at the bird feeder. 11. The runners stretched and sprinted before they went to the starting line. 18. Will you and Suzi wash up and set the table before dinner? 19, Each student researches and composes a paper on a topic of his or her choice. 20, The ball bounced twice and then rolled toward the end zone. Compound Subjects and Verbs, p. 1.2 EXERCISE A CS 1. Peanuts and soybeans are the two most important sources of veg­ etable oil. Cl/ 2, The U.S. scientist George Washington Carver researched the peanut and found more than three hundred uses for it. CS 3, Aren't China and India the two major producers of peanuts in the world today? Cl/ 4, Peanut plants � native to South America and belong to the pea family. Cl/ 5, Does your family ever make oldfashioned peanut butter or buy it at the supermarket? f:Xl:RCISE G Answers may vary. Typical responses are given. 6, The private eye ducked behind the book­ case and listened to the suspects' argument. 7/, The birdbath and the small, wooden bird­ feeder attract many birds. 8, The plumber fixed the pipe beneath the sink and checked the water pressure. 9. The plane lifted off and soared quickly out of sight. 1 (l), Tweedledum and Tweedledee are charac­ ters created by Lewis Carroll. SVJbjects and Verbs A, fPJ, 13 EltERCISEA 1. Have you or one of your friends ever used an abacus? _ s_ or b_al_ l_s m=a=y=be= =m=ov 31'.Be__ ad = e= d = up or down • in the slots in various combinations. 4, In this way, the user quickly Qerforms cal­ culations such as addition and subtraction. - information about the abacus on the Internet. ExERCISE B Answers may vary. Typical responses are gi,ven. 6, Basketball and track can give you a good cardiovascular workout. 7/, Blue and gold are our school colors. 8, When will you practice your humpet and finish your homework? 9'. Will you or Bernard gQ to the game with Sandra's family? 10, Members of the yearbook staff and journalstaff take phoists on the newspaper tographs at every game. SiWJbjeci:s amic:11 Verbs B, p. 14. EXERCISE (5 �. Have you or Kimberly found your tap shoes yet? (5, Ct/ 2. Alec or Jame1? will wash and s!!:y the dishes after dinner tonight. (5 slots. 3l, In my school, both the Spanish club and the German club have at least --= twenty members. N 4, Where are the batteries for this flashlight? Ct/ Si, At the end of the school yea r, we will either take a class trip or have a 2. The abacus!� an ancient arithmetic tool and consists of a frame with vertical wires or - 5. Yo -u and your friends can easily find more party. Ct/ 6, She added the numbers and then checked the answer. C5 "J Neither Steve nor� borrowed '. that book. (5, (I/ 8. Andres and Clarence searched the room and looked on all the shelves. i:XERCISEB DEC 6. I have recently learned some inter­ esting facts from American history. £('1)P 7. Consider the similarities between President Lincoln and President Kem1edy. DEC 8. President Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860. £/vT 9. Did you know that John F. Kennedy was elected president in 9. You should wear sturdy shoes and pack a raincoat. N _ 10. Are you expecting rain during the -'-hike? C5 11. The newspaper and the radio carried stories about the weather. C5 12. Fog and rain are expected this afternoon. Ct/ 13. We could cancel the hike and meet at the museum. Ct/ 14, The new exhibit about Egypt� open and should be interesting. take the bus CS, Cl/ 15. Do you and your sister ---or walk to school? Ct/ 16. We usually take the bus in the morning and walk home in the afternoon. Ct/ 11. She has band practice and works in the library after school. 5 C N 18. My friend Nita and!.. belong to sev­ eral of the same clubs. 19. Nita walks home with my sister and me on Tuesdays and Thursdays. CS, Cl/ 20. Either Max or his brother Sam rented a boat and went fishing last summer. Classifying Sentences; by Purpose A, p. 15 �XERCISEA 3. DEC 1. IIV1P 5. EXC 4-. IMP 2. INT 1960? DEC 10. It is tragic that both Lincoln and Kennedy were assassinated. DEC 11, The vice presidents under both Lincoln and Kennedy were named Johnson. f3XC U. What a strange coincidence that is! £MP 13. Read about the investigations into the deaths of both men. r/lfT 14. How many people believe that there was a conspiracy in Kennedy' s assassination? DEC 1 S, There are still unanswered questions about these deaths. Classifying Sentences by Purpos;e B, p. 16 EXERCISE A DEC 1. The sculptor recycles metal in her work. rfvT :Z. Isn't that the rim of a bicycle wheel? £MP 3, Try to identify as many items as possible. DEC 4. She has transformed junk into animals and other recognizable forms. /3XC 5. What a sense of humor she has/ EXERCISED 8. �into the cold surf near the • dolphin. Answers may vary. Typical responses are given. 6. How brilliant the colors in the stained-glass window are! 1. I wonder whether I have time to get to the store before it closes. 8, Did you forget to bring the library books to school? 9. That was an exciting race. 10. Turn off the lights when you leave the room. 10. The healthv@oipiim)Eas releas�into the ocean several months later. Review A: Sentences and Sentence Fragments, p.17 13, An aquatic� such as a dolphin or whale,�hrough a blowhole on EXERCISE 1, 2. 3. 4. F S F F 6, 7/, 8. 9. S F F F s. s 10. 11. 12, 13. 14, 15, 16, 11'. S F S S F F S F 18. 19. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. 25, S F S F S F S F Review B: Subjects aind Predicates, p. 18 EXERCISE 9, ([cientisJIDat the local aquarium@or the dolphin. the ocean? 11, 12. fish. @nammals, not top of the head. 14,�gills. 15. Most�in fresh water but (§part of their lives in the ocea� 16, The thousand-mile§igratio])of the salmon fascinates me. 17. Fish(JadderQ� near dams and@ the salmon on their voyage. 18,@of more than ten feet 6_a_v_e_b-ee_n_ recordeg) 1. An unusual�at our beach last summer. 19, The longest spawning�two thousand miles. 2, Two�re joggii@along the beach. 20, �in fresh water. 3. � strange sound. 4. [hraslung)around in the watere.§)a dark @?Jill) 5, A helpless �s being tossei!) around by the waves. 6. The worried�@the Center for Coastal Studies. 7/, Two dolphin �soon�t the beach. 21, A Pacific�in the stream of its birth and then�22, An Atlantic�y spary as many as three times in its lifetime. nests in the bed of a stream. ed 24, One ten-pound�up to ten thousand eggs at spawning time. 25, A�a young salmon. Review C: Cotnpout1d Subjects and Compound Verbs,p, �9 Review D: Kinds of Sentences and Sentence Fragments, p,,20 EXERCISE EXERCISE The rewritten sentences will vary. Sample responses are given. 1. will hike, take-Today my cousin Luke and I will hike and take photographs of the land behind his house. 2. reviews, summarizes-Before tests, Shanti and her friends review and summarize all their notes from class. 3. smiled, waved-The pilot and the co-pilot smiled and waved at the crew. 4. reduced, delayed-The sleet and rain F Juno J:tVJP 2, Please bring me that calendar. I £/V 5. joined, accompanied-The new bus driver and tour guide joined us at Stonehenge and accompanied us to London. 6, was deaned, given-The tabie and chairs were deaned thoroughly and given a fresh E;(C £/VJP 8, filled,-created-Cars and trucks filled the roadways and created a massive traffic jam. 9, frowned, sighed, did-My brother Angelo and I frowned and sighed but finally did the yardwork. 10, gives, skates-Tara and Jena give ice- skating lessons and skate professionally. 5, Please be careful with the eggs, Suzi. F 6. After Emily and Rosa and their mother climbed slowly up the side of the hill E';(C 1, How magnificent the view of the valley is/ £/VI 8. Can you see the village from there? £/VJP 9. Hand me the binoculars, pleaseo F 10. As a hawk soared gracefully over the valley F 11. Waiting for fifteen minutes in the rain singing a song and dancing for the talent show. 4. How exciting it was to win a gold medal! coat of paint. 1. singing, dancing-Rachel and Tom are 3. When will we plan the birthday party for Julio? reduced visibility at the airport and delayed the flight. 1. Named for the Roman goddess £/VJP 12, Watch out! £/VI 13, How often do you baby-sit for the McCluskys? DEC 14, I promise that I won't forget about our next appointment, F 'iS, Since repairing the broken appliance £/VJP 16, Please don't stand so close to the curbo P 17. Dad carrying my little sister all the way across the rickety bridge and to safety JJVJP 18. Put down your pencils and pass your papers forward, P 19, Will be sitting in front of you tomorrow after lunch rtJr 20. Would you volunteer? Literary Model: Dialogue, pp. 21-22 EXERCISE A Students may also mark Utah, I think" as a fragment. This answer may be considered correct. When Cloyd was little, he used to talk to his sister about how badly he wanted to find his father, but she didn't seem to need to know him at all, so he had kept his dream inside ....Now here he was with his heart pounding, following the nurse down the long hallway to his father's room.... 11 • • • "How did this happen?" "Car accident," she said. "I don't know any details." "How long has he been like this?" "Four years." "Are you sure he's Leena Atcitty?" "Yes, of course." "Where's he from?" "I think I heard that once ... Utah,I think. Monument Valle;y:. I wonder if this could be the man you were looking for." EXERCISEB Answers may van;. Typical responses are given. 1. "How did this happen?" "He was in a car accident," she said. "I don't know any details." "How long has he been like this?" "He's been like this for four years." "Are you sure he's Leeno Atcitty?" "Yes, of course I'm sure he's Leena Atcitty." "Where's he from?" "I think I heard that once ...He's from Utah, I think.He's from Monument Valley. I wonder if this could be the man you were looking for." 2. In real-life conversation, people can under­ stand each other without using all complete sentences.Since authors want the dialogue in their writing to appear natural, they often have characters speak usin g sentence fragments. EXERCISE( Answers will van;. A sample response is given. Marty could tell from a distance that some­ thing was wrong with AJex. He reached his best friend quickly. ''What is it,Alex? What's the matter?" "My cousin." "Which cousin do you mean?" "Martha." "What's happened to Martha?Is she all right?" "Don't know. The hospital." "Has she been in an accident?" "Yes. Unconscious." "Oh, Alex! That's terrible!"