Honors DNA Unit Exam Study Guide

Honors DNA Unit Exam Study Guide DNA & RNA Structure: Name sugars - Deoxyribose - ribose Know job/function DNA- transcription, translation, replication DNA- contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies. RNA- to convert the information stored in DNA into proteins. RNA- Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis. They are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). rRNA forms ribosomes, which are essential in protein synthesis Know deinition DNA: a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. RNA: a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid are nucleic acids. Know the nitrogenous bases and if they are found on DNA or RNA Uracil (RNA), Thymine (DNA), Guadanine, Cytosine, Adenine Know base pairing rules A-T U-A G-C How they are named The name comes from there structure DNA: double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid sugar - deoxyribose Phosphate group nitrogenous base RNA: single stranded Ribonucleic acid Sugar - ribose Phosphate group Know all the parts of a nucleotide Sugar-phosphate group-nitrogen base Know which monomers they are made of nucleotides Know function of mRNA, tRNA & rRNA mRNA: is a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene. The mRNA is an RNA version of the gene that leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made. tRNA: a relatively small RNA that transfers a particular amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. Know what photograph 51 (Wilkins and Franklin) suggested a three-dimensional structure of DNA and in April 1953, they suggested a three-dimensional structure of DNA partly based on Photo 51. Know what the irst DNA model built demonstrated (Watson and Crick) Helicase Know dierences between RNA and DNA RNA- uracil, single strand, ribose instead of deoxyribose DNA Replication: Know the purpose a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. Know what each enzymes job/function is Know what DNA replication errors cause mutations Transcription: Be able to transcribe/translate DNA to amino acid sequence and vice versa (be able to do it in both directions) yes Know the process of transcription and the enzymes’ role by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). RNA polymerases build RNA molecules that are complementary to a portion of one strand of the DNA double helix Know what a promoter is is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. Translation: Know how translation begins when an initiator tRNA anticodon recognizes a codon on mRNA. Know how to determine an amino acid sequence when given an mRNA strand I do Be able to determine anticodons to codons Know what a codon and anticodon is A codon is a trinucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA that corresponds to a speciic amino acid. An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence complementary to that of a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. Know what transformation is Transformation is the speciic process where exogenous genetic material is directly taken up and incorporated by a cell through its cell membrane. Short Answer: Describe at least THREE dierences between DNA and RNA. Given a strand of DNA, be able to transcribe it into mRNA and translate it into amino acids.