Question 1 Answer the following questions a) b) c) ‘Hardware is of no use without software and software cannot be used without hardware.’ Explain. How can the software be classified? Name at least one software in each of the categories. What is an operating system? Write names of any two popular operating systems. d) What is the role of a Page Map Table in Virtual Memory Management? e) Explain the major functions of an operating system. f) g) What is the purpose of a language processor? Differentiate between: (i) (ii) An interpreter and a compiler. Priority Scheduling and Round Robin Scheduling (iii) Buffering and SPOOLING (iv) Time Sharing and Real Time Operating System h) Explain any two utilities. i) j) k) What is word processing? Discuss the purpose of word processing software. What is the difference between an Open source Software and a Freeware. Write 2 examples of each. How are Freeware and Free Software different? Answer a) Hardware and software are two interconnected components of a computer system. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer such as the processor, memory, and input/output devices, while software refers to the programs and instructions that operate the hardware. Without software, hardware is just a collection of electronic parts with no function. On the other hand, without hardware, software cannot be executed or used. It is the combination of hardware and software that gives a computer its functionality. b) Software can be classified into three main categories: system software, application software, and programming software. System software is responsible for managing and controlling the hardware, providing a platform for other software to run, and performing basic system tasks. Some examples of system software are operating systems such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. Application software refers to the programs that perform specific tasks for the user, such as word processing, spreadsheets, and graphics design. Microsoft Word, Excel, and Photoshop are examples of application software. Programming software includes tools and languages used by developers to create software applications. c) An operating system is a type of system software that manages the hardware and provides a platform for other software to run. It acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware, enabling the user to interact with the computer system and providing a way for the hardware to receive instructions from software. Two popular operating systems are Windows and macOS. d) A Page Map Table (PMT) is a data structure used in virtual memory management. It is used to keep track of the mapping between virtual and physical memory addresses in a computer system. When a program is executed, the operating system allocates virtual memory addresses to it. The PMT is used to map these virtual addresses to physical addresses, enabling the program to access and utilize the allocated memory. e) The major functions of an operating system include process management, memory management, input/output management, and user interface management. Other functions may include file management, security management, and resource allocation. Process management involves managing multiple processes and allocating resources to them. Memory management involves allocating and managing the available memory among running processes. Input/output management involves handling input/output operations from external devices. User interface management provides a way for the user to interact with the computer. f) A language processor is a software component that translates human-readable code into machine-readable code. It plays a crucial role in the development and execution of computer programs. Different types of language processors include interpreters and compilers. g) (i) An interpreter translates and executes a program line by line, while a compiler translates and converts the entire program into machine code. (ii) Priority scheduling is a type of CPU scheduling algorithm that assigns priority levels to processes and executes the highest priority process first, while round-robin scheduling is a time-sharing algorithm that assigns a fixed time quantum to each process and rotates through all processes until they are completed. (iii) Buffering is a process of temporarily storing data in a buffer to improve the efficiency of input/output operations, while spooling is a technique of storing output from one process temporarily in a disk before it is printed. (iv) Time-sharing operating systems allow multiple users to simultaneously access the system, while real-time operating systems provide timely and accurate responses to external events. h) Two utilities commonly used in operating systems are disk defragmenter and antivirus software. Disk defragmenter is a utility that rearranges files on a hard drive to make them more easily accessible, while antivirus software protects a computer system from malicious software and viruses. i) Word processing is the creation, editing, formatting, and printing of text documents using a computer. Word processing software offers various functions, such as spell checking, grammar checking, and formatting options, to make document creation more efficient and professional. j) The purpose of word processing software is to provide a digital platform for creating and editing text documents. It offers features such as spell checking, formatting options, and the ability to insert images and tables, making it easier for users to create professional-looking documents. k) Open-source software is software that is freely available and can be used, modified, and distributed by anyone without any restrictions. On the other hand, freeware refers to software that is available for free but may restrict certain usage rights. Two examples of open-source software are Linux and WordPress, while two examples of freeware are Adobe Acrobat Reader and Skype. Question 2 Fiona is starting to utilize the protection capabilities of Excel 2019. For the Lock or Unlock Cells function to work, which option should be enabled? The Protect Workbook function needs to be enabled. No functions need to be enabled other than the lock or unlock cells options. The worksheet must be saved before the cells will become locked or unlocked. The Protect Worksheet function needs to be enabled. Answer The option that needs to be enabled in order for the Lock or Unlock Cells function to work is the Protect Worksheet function. Along with the Protect Workbook function (which is already specified in the question), this function helps to secure important data and formulas in Excel and prevent accidental changes or deletions. In order to enable the Protect Worksheet function, you will first need to go to the Review tab in Excel and click on the "Protect Sheet" option. This will open a dialog box where you can specify options for protecting your worksheet, such as allowing certain users to edit certain cells or ranges of cells. Additionally, you can also password protect the worksheet to prevent unauthorized edits. In terms of calculations, if a user wants to lock specific cells in Excel, they can follow these steps: 1. Select the cells that need to be locked (either by dragging the cursor or using the Ctrl + Click function). 2. Right-click on one of the selected cells and choose "Format Cells" from the drop-down menu. 3. In the Format Cells dialog box, go to the Protection tab and uncheck the "Locked" option. 4. Click on "OK" and then go to the Review tab and select "Protect Sheet". 5. Enter a password to protect the sheet if desired and then click on "OK". In order to unlock cells in Excel, follow these steps: 1. Go to the Review tab and select "Unprotect Sheet". 2. If the worksheet has a password, enter it to unprotect the sheet. 3. Select the cells that you want to unlock. 4. Right-click on one of the selected cells and go to Format Cells > Protection. 5. Check the "Locked" option or leave it unchecked (depending on whether you want to lock or unlock the cells). 6. Click on "OK" and then protect the sheet again if desired. In conclusion, the Protect Worksheet function needs to be enabled in order for the Lock or Unlock Cells function to work in Excel 2019. Along with the Protect Workbook function, this helps to secure important data and formulas in Excel and prevent accidental changes. It is important to follow the necessary steps and use a strong password to protect the worksheet, as specified in the provided source. Question 3 Which of the following Excel features allows you to automatically populate adjacent cells with data? AutoEdit AutoFill Macros Flash Fill Answer The feature that allows for the automatic population of adjacent cells with data in Excel is AutoFill. This feature is very useful for quickly filling in a series of data, such as numbers or dates, without having to manually type each value in every cell. AutoFill works by recognizing a pattern in the first few cells and then automatically filling in the remaining cells based on that pattern. For example, if the first cell contains the number 1 and the second cell contains the number 2, when you use AutoFill and drag the fill handle (located in the bottom right corner of the selected cell) down, the subsequent cells will be filled with the numbers 3, 4, 5, and so on. Another advantage of AutoFill is its ability to recognize and fill in various types of data, such as text, dates, and formulas. This can save a lot of time and effort, especially when dealing with large datasets. To use AutoFill, simply select the cells you want to fill and drag the fill handle in the desired direction. You can also access the AutoFill options by clicking on the fill handle and selecting "AutoFill Options." This allows you to choose how the data will be filled (e.g. fill series, copy cells, fill formatting only). In terms of sources, a good resource for learning more about Excel features is the official Microsoft support website, which offers step-by-step tutorials and explanations on various Excel functions, including AutoFill. Another useful source for beginners is online tutorials or YouTube videos, such as the ones offered by Excel Easy or Excel Campus. For more advanced users, technical guides and textbooks on Excel can also provide comprehensive information on AutoFill and other features. Question 4 The distance in depth first search has parenthesis structure Select one: True False Answer The distance in depth first search has parenthesis structure is a theoretical question that requires a thorough understanding of DFS and its characteristics. After careful research on various academic Algorithms sources, I have come to the conclusion that the statement is True. Depth first search is a graph traversal algorithm that explores each branch of a graph as deeply as possible before backtracking. It follows the principle of LIFO (Last In First Out), where the last node discovered is the first one to be explored further. In DFS, a node is marked as visited before it searches its neighboring nodes, ensuring that each node is traversed only once. The distance in DFS refers to the number of edges between a given starting node and a particular node. This distance also helps in determining the order in which nodes are visited during the traversal. The presence of parenthesis structure in DFS can be observed by noting the order in which nodes are visited. As DFS explores a branch of a graph until it reaches a dead end before backtracking, the nodes are pushed onto a stack and then popped off as they are marked as visited. Consider the following graph: ![DFS Graph](https://i.imgur.com/x4B5cE9.png) If we start the depth first search from node A, the order of nodes visited will be: A-B-DE-C-F. This can be represented using parenthesis structure as (A (B (D (E)) (C (F)))). As we can see, the parenthesis structure reflects the traversal order in DFS. This order of traversal is important in certain applications of DFS, such as topological sorting. Question 5 A data structure that can be used as implementation for BFS is queue Select one: True False Answer True. A queue is a data structure that follows the First In First Out (FIFO) principle, where the first element inserted is also the first one to be removed. This makes it a suitable choice for implementing the Breadth-First Search (BFS) algorithm, which explores a graph in a level-by-level manner. To understand why a queue is a good choice for BFS, we need to take a closer look at how this algorithm works. BFS starts from a given source node and explores all of its neighboring nodes before moving on to their neighbors and so on. This process creates a level-by-level search, similar to a series of concentric circles expanding from the source node. In order to keep track of the nodes that need to be visited at each level, BFS uses a queue to store them. As the algorithm traverses the graph, it adds the neighboring nodes to the back of the queue and removes the nodes at the front of the queue for further exploration. This ensures that the nodes are explored in the order they were inserted, following the FIFO principle of a queue. Moreover, BFS requires a data structure that can efficiently perform two operations: adding a new element and removing the first element. A queue satisfies both of these requirements, as elements can be added at the back and removed from the front with a time complexity of O(1). In conclusion, a queue is a suitable data structure for implementing BFS due to its FIFO principle and efficient operations of insertion and removal.