University:
Saint Louis University
Course:
PATH 0100 | Introduction to Pathology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

90

Pages:

3
Author:

brian 11kizz

PRACTICUM VI (URINALYSIS-1) (pH, Specific Gravity, Sediment) PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Smell New urine generally does not have a strong odor. The smell is called psing, caused by volatile acids. Smell can be influenced by food and drink. If urine is left for a long time it will smell of ammonia, because the breakdown of urea occurs. Acetone gives a sweet smell while germs give urine a foul smell. Color Under normal circumstances, urine is light yellow in color due to the presence of urochrome.Non-pathological changes are generally caused by the ingredients or drugs consumed.(Mention the color changes that can occur in urine, both physiological and pathological!) Froth When the urine is shaken, white foam will appear. Yellow foam can be caused by, - bile pigment (bilirubin) - phenylazodiamino-pyridine Turbidity New, normal urine is generally clear. Turbidity that arises can generally be caused by: 1 Amorphous phosphate 2 Amorphous veins - the color is white - disappears when given acid - found in alkaline urine - the color is yellow brown - disappears when heated - found in the same urine 3 Blood : red to brown 4 Pussy : like milk but, clear after filtering 5 Germs: on generally still doudy after isaring/swirling around.In urethritis, fine threads are visible. Volume In this practicum, volume measurements are not carried out.Normal adult urine production per 24 hours is around 1.5 This amount varies greatly, depending on, - body surface area - fluid use - air humidity or evaporation ABNORMAL URINE VOLUME - Polyuria - Urine volume increases. - Found in conditions such as DM, DI, chronic nephritis, several nerve diseases, edema that heals. - Oliguria - Reduced urine volume - Can be found in conditions such as kidney disease, dehydration, liver cirrhosis. - Anuria - No urine production. - Can occur in circumstances such as:circulatory collapse(systolic < 70 mmHg, acute renal failure, sublimate poisoning, etc. - Residual urine (leftover urine) Waste urine is the volume of urine obtained from catheterization after the patient has previously been told to urinate as much as possible. 1. pH Normal urine pH ranges from: 4.8 - 7.5 (around 6.00). In this practicum, urine pH determination uses, -Litmus paper - Sour urine : blue litmus paper - red : red litmus paper - Alkaline urine : red - blue litmus paper : blue litmus paper -Nitrazine paper Readings with the comparator block or pH-meter were not carried out.A pH check should be carried out immediately (fresh urine) because old urine tends to become more alkaline (urea turns into ammonia). Pathologically acidic urine Urine is always alkaline - Disease - infection, metabolic, - febrile - alkalosis both metabolic and respiratory