The Skeletal System Pre-lab Questions

The Skeletal System Table 17: Lumbar Vertebrae Observations Vertebral Feature Observations Size of the lumbar vertebrae in comparison to those of the cervical and thoracic region Thickest out of all these regions listed. Shape of the vertebral body Oval shaped Appearance and projection direction of the spinous process Posterior Table 18: Rib Feature Observations Rib Feature Observations Length of ribs 1 – 7 (do they increase or decrease in length?) They increase in length Length of ribs 8 – 12 (do they increase or decrease in length?) They decrease in length Articulation of the ribs and thoracic vertebrae (notice the specific rib and vertebra that articulate) Ribs 2-9 articulate with costal facets on two nearby vertebrae. Ribs 1, 10, 11, & 12 articulate with individual vertebrae at single costal facets. The Skeletal System Post-Lab Questions 1. What are the three components of the axial skeleton? Describe the function of each. The three components of the axial skeleton include the skull, the thoracic cage, and the vertebral column. The skull’s function is to protect the head and adjust the position of the head, neck, and trunk. The thoracic cage is responsible for breathing movements. Lastly, the vertebral column is in charge of stabilizing and positioning parts of the appendicular skelton. 2. Identify the labeled components on the skull below. A Sphenoid B Zygomatic process C Mandible D Frontal bone E Supra-orbital margin F Vomer 3. Indicate whether the following bones are cranial or facial bones, and give their location. Bone Temporal Bones Mandible Vomer Zygomatic Bones Facial or Cranial Location Cranial: walls of the cranium Facial: lower portion of the jaw Facial: inferior portion of the nasal septum Facial: cheekbones Parietal Bones Cranial: superior & lateral surfaces of the cranium Ethmoid Bone Cranial: floor of the cranium roof of the nasal cavity and medial orbital wall Sphenoid Bone Cranial: floor of the cranium Lacrimal Bones Facial: medial wall of the eye sockets The Skeletal System 4. What are the three regions of the vertebral column? Describe the general shape and size of the vertebrae in each region. Cervical: Curved, oval, small Thoracic: medium, unique heart shape, facets for the ribs. Lumbar: very large, oval, flat. 5. What are the atlas and axis? What are their functions? The atlas is the first cervical vertebrae responsible for supporting the head’s weight. The axis is the second cervical vertebrae responsible for rotating the head. 6. Identify the vertebral structures on the images below. A Vertebral arch B Vertebral body C Spinous process D Transverse process E Vertebral foramen The Skeletal System 7. What is the purpose of the thoracic cage? Provides support to the walls of the thoracic cavity. 8. Describe the three components of the sternum. Manubrium: broad, shaped like a trapezoid, articulates with the cartilages and clavicles of the first pair of ribs. Body: attaches to the inferior surface of the manubrium and extends inferiorly. Xiphoid process: smallest part, attached to the sternum. 9. Describe the difference between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. – True ribs connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilage, false ribs connect to the sternum by shared costal cartilage and floating ribs do not connect to the sternum at all. EXPERIMENT 6: VIRTUAL MODEL – THE AXIAL SKELETON Post-Lab Questions 1. What features are located inferior to the cranium and superior to the mandible? Identify the category here. How many individual items are included in this category? (Hint: the answer is not a bone.) The features located inferior to the cranium and superior to the mandible are the sinus cavities. There are 4 individual items located in this category. 2. Why aren’t teeth considered bones? Teeth are not considered bones since they are covered in enamel and are unable to heal themselves or grow. 3. Identify the two major bones that comprise the head. The cranium and the mandible. 4. To what bones does the right scapula attach? The right scapula attaches the humerus to the clavicle. 5. Is the left clavicle superior or inferior to the right scapula? The left clavicle is superior to the right scapula. The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 7: PHYSICAL SKELETON – THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Post-Lab Questions 1. What are the four parts of the upper extremity and the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton? The four parts of the upper extremity are the pectoral girdle, the arm, the forearm, and the hand. The four parts of the lower extremity are the pelvic girdle, the thigh, the leg, and the foot. 2. Compare and contrast the size and function of the upper and lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton. The lower extremities are larger in comparison to the upper extremities. This is because the lower extremities are made to handle the weight of your body, which is also why they have more muscle connections than the upper extremities. 3. What are the three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle? What is their location in relationship to one another? The three fused bones that make up the coxae of the pelvic girdle are the illium, the ischium, and the pubis. The ischium is inferior and posterior to the illium and the anterior portion of the coxal bone is made of the pubis. The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 8: VIRTUAL MODEL – THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON Post-Lab Questions 1. How many left metatarsals are there? There are 5 left metatarsals. 2. Is the right fibula inferior or superior to the patella? The right fibula is inferior to the patella. 3. Which is more proximal to the body: the lunate bone or the medial epicondyle? Lunate bone 4. Which two bones attach to the patella? Femur, tibia 5. Identify the two bones that comprise the leg. Femur, tibia, fibula The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 9: ARTICULATIONS Post-Lab Questions 1. In what two ways can joints be classified? What are the three classifications of each type? Joints can be classified as joint or articulation. The three classifications of each type include fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. 2. Fibrous joints are either sutures or syndesmoses. What is the difference between the two? Give examples of each type. Sutures are made of tight-fitting bones with little to no connective tissue. For instance, coronal sutures, lambdoid sutures, sagittal sutures, and squamous sutures. Syndesmoses are joints that are joined by small amounts of dense, fibrous connective tissues. Some examples would be distal tibia, fibular joint, and radioulnar joint. 3. Symphyses and synchondroses are two classifications of what type of joint? What are the differences between the two classifications? They are classifications of cartilaginous joints. Symphyses bones are connected with a disc of fibrocartilage and synchondroses are connected with a plate of hyaline cartilage. 4. What allows synovial joints to be diarthrotic? Synovial fluid allows them to be diarthrotic. 5. Fill in the table below: Joint Articulating Bones Type of Synovial Joint Movement Elbow Humerus, ulna, & radius Hinge Flexion, extension Knee Femur, tibia Hinge Flexion, extension Hip Hip bone, femur Ball & socket Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation Ankle Tibia, fibula, talus Gliding Flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation Wrist Radius and Condyloid Flexion, extension, The Skeletal System Joint Articulating Bones proximal carpal bones Type of Synovial Joint Movement abduction, adduction, circumduction The Skeletal System EXPERIMENT 10: SKELETAL SYSTEM OF THE FETAL PIG Data Tables Table 34: Skeletal Region Observations Skeletal Region Observations Axial Skeleton Small bones in this skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Hard/rough feeling Joints Small joints Post-Lab Questions 1. What are some of the similarities and differences you noticed between the human skeletal system and the palpation of the fetal pig skeletal system? The major difference I noticed between the fetal pig skeletal system was the snout and tail, which us humans do not have. However, the joints of the fetal pig functioned similarly to humans’. 2. In addition to fetal pigs, adult cats are often used for dissection. Describe some difficulties you might encounter using an adult cat for a dissection as compared to a fetal pig, with focus on the skeletal system. The adult cat’s skeletal system would be much more complex than a fetal pig. Not only this, but an adult cat aren’t as flexible as the bones of a fetal pig.