Art-labeling Activity The Thyroid Gland

Endocrine Identification. Art-labeling Activity: The Thyroid Gland Learning Goal: To learn the anatomical and histological features of the thyroid gland. Label the anatomical and histological features of the thyroid gland. Part A Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the anatomical and histological features of the thyroid gland. ANSWER: Capillary Thyroid follicle Capsule Follicle cavities Right lobe of thyroid gland Left lobe of thyroid gland Isthmus of thyroid gland Cuboidal epithelium of follicle C cell Correct Art-labeling Activity: Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Label the hormones and events of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Part A Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the hormones and events of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ANSWER: Increase in blood pressure and volume Decreasing renal blood flow and O2 Erythropoietin (EPO) is released Aldosterone secreted Renin is released Stimulation of thirst Angiotensin II Angiotensinogen ACE Correct Chapter 18 Clinical Note Questions 1 and 2: Endocrine Disorders Endocrine Disorders Regulation of hormone levels often involves negative feedback control mechanisms. These mechanisms involve the endocrine organ, neural regulatory factors, and target tissues. Hormone overproduction (hypersecretion) or underproduction (hyposecretion) may cause problems. Abnormal cellular sensitivity to the hormone can also lead to problems. Primary disorders arise from problems within the endocrine organ. The underlying cause may be a metabolic factor. Hypothyroidism due to a lack of dietary iodine is an example. An endocrine organ may also malfunction due to physical damage that destroys cells or disrupts the normal blood supply. Congenital problems may also affect the regulation, production, or release of hormones by endocrine cells. Secondary disorders are due to problems in other organs or target tissues. Such disorders often involve the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. For example, secondary hypothyroidism occurs when the hypothalamus or pituitary gland doesn't produce enough TRH and/or TSH. Abnormalities in target cells can affect their sensitivity or responsiveness to a particular hormone. For example, Type 2 diabetes is due to the target cells' decreased sensitivity to insulin. Endocrine disorders often reflect either abnormal hormone production or abnormal cellular sensitivity to hormones. The signs and symptoms highlight the significance of normally "silent" hormonal contributions. The characteristics of these disorders are summarized in Table 18-8. Part A Primary endocrine disorders may be due to damage to the hormone-producing organ. Karen's thyroid gland suffered damage from repeated exposure to radiation because of a neck injury. Which of the following is least likely to be part of a primary endocrine disorder for Karen? ANSWER: hyposecretion of calcitonin hyposecretion of T3 and T4 decreased osteoblast sensitivity to calcitonin All of the listed responses are correct. Correct Part B In secondary hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone release from the thyroid is impaired because of a lack in TRH or TSH. Considering the information above, secondary hypogonadism could result from a lack in which of the following hormones? ANSWER: gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) Correct Chapter 18 Clinical Note Questions 1 and 2: Hormones and Athletic Performance Hormones and Athletic Performance The use of hormones to improve athletic performance is widely banned. The International Olympic Committee, the U.S. Olympic Committee, the Nati onal Collegiate Athletic Association, Major League Baseball, and the National Football League all ban it. The American Medical Association and the American College of Sports Medicine condemn the practice. Yet athletes such as Lance Armstrong, the seven-time winner of the Tour de France cycling event, admit to "doping." Athletes most often use anabolic steroids, growth hormone, erythropoietin, and a variety of synthetic hormones. Androgen Abuse The use of anabolic steroids, or androgens, has become popular with many amateur and professional athletes. The goal of steroid use is to increase muscle mass, endurance, and "competitive spirit." One supposed justification for this steroid use is the unfounded opinion that compounds made in the body are not only safe, but also good for you. In reality, the administration of natural or synthetic androgens in abnormal amounts carries unacceptable health risks. Androgens are known to produce several complications. These problems include (1) premature closure of epiphyseal cartilages, (2) various liver dysfunctions (such as jaundice and liver tumors), (3) prostate gland enlargement and urinary tract obstruction, and (4) testicular atrophy and infertility. Links to heart attacks, impaired cardiac function, and strokes have also been suggested. The normal regulation of androgen production involves a feedback mechanism comparable to that described for adrenal steroids earlier in this chapter. GnRH stimulates the production of LH, and LH stimulates the secretion of testosterone and other androgens by the interstitial endocrine cells of the testes. Circulating androgens, in turn, inhibit the production of both GnRH and LH. For this reason, high doses of synthetic androgens can suppress the normal production of testosterone and depress the manufacture of GnRH by the hypothalamus. This suppression of GnRH release can be permanent. The use of androgens as "bulking agents" by female bodybuilders may add muscle mass, but it can also alter muscular proportions and secondary sex Part A Your friend has been taking a cocktail of hormone supplements in an effort to gain a competitive edge during an upcoming marathon. You tell him that this is unhealthy and illegal. But it also gets you wondering what might be in this cocktail. Which of the following is NOT a likely ingredient? ANSWER: melatonin growth hormone (GH) testosterone erythropoietin (EPO) Correct Part B Some athletes use GHB to enhance their lean body muscle mass. GHB, however, does not have a direct effect on muscle growth. Which hormone would most likely be stimulated by GHB to exert its anabolic effect? ANSWER: progesterone growth hormone prolactin testosterone Correct Lab Manual Exercise 33 Post-lab Quiz Question 1 Part A The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because . ANSWER: it does not produce hormones, rather it stores hormones from the hypothalamus for release it is unable to function as endocrine tissue because it is part of the nervous system due to its location in adults it is not functional it is strictly part of the neural system and has nothing to do with hormonal release Correct Lab Manual Exercise 33 Pre-lab Quiz Question 5 Part A What connects the pituitary gland to the brain at the hypothalamus? ANSWER: brain stem infundibulum midbrain thalamus Correct Art-labeling Activity: Histology of the Thyroid Gland Part A Drag the labels to the appropriate location in the figure. ANSWER: