Peripheral Blood and Hematopoiesis Part 1 Blood

Peripheral blood & Hematopoiesis Part 1 Blood • • 19761 Objectives of Peripheral blood & Hematopoiesis Part 1 • Examine a blood smear and distinguish each of the formed elements. • Describe the functions of the granulocytes, agranulocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. • Know the relative cell counts for each of the formed elements in the blood. Part 2 • Describe the normal development of red and white blood cells. Peripheral blood Bone marrow BLOOD - DIAGNOSTIC VALUE - MOST EXAMINED TYPES OF INFORMATION: IDENTIFY NATURE OF DISEASE VIRAL – T LYMPHOCYTES BACTERIAL – NEUTROPHILS PARASITIC – EOSINOPHILS FOLLOWS THE COURSE OF DISEASE ALLOWS METHOD TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT BLOOD COMPOSITION PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (HEMATOCRIT) BUFFY COAT (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) BLOOD PLASMA BLOOD PLASMA LIQUID PART OF BLOOD - 55% OF WHOLE BLOOD COMPOSITION : WATER ALBUMIN - OSMOTIC PRESSURE and NUTRALIZES PROTEASES GLOBULIN - ANTIBODIES (IgG, IgE, ETC.) TRANSFERRIN - IRON, COPPER, ZINC CHYLOMICRONS - LIPIDS FROM INTESTINE LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL REMOVAL BLOOD PLASMA COMPOSITION con’t: PLASMA CLOTTING FACTORS • FIBRINOGEN • PROTHROMBIN • THROMBOPLASTIN • THROMBIN HORMONES - DIRECT ACTIVITY OF CELLS CHEMOTAXIS FACTORS – ATTRACT IMMUNE CELLS BLOOD SERUM SERUM – YELLOW LIQUID FROM CLOTTED BLOOD (e.g., PLASMA MINUS CLOTTING FACTORS) BLOOD (definition and function) BLOOD - FLUID TISSUE COMPOSED OF ERYTHROCYTES (RBC), LEUKOCYTES (WBC), AND PLATELETS SUSPENDED IN BLOOD PLASMA FUNCTION OF BLOOD IS TRANSPORTATION OF CELLS AND FLUID RBC 02 to and C02 from TISSUE BLOOD FUNCTION OF BLOOD IS TRANSPORTATION OF CELLS AND FLUID WBC PLASMA IMMUNE DEFENSE OF BODY NUTRIENTS TO TISSUE WASTE FROM TISSUE PROTEINS TO HOLD WATER IN PLASMA HORMONES AND OTHER INFORMATIONAL MEDIATORS PLATELETS PREVENT LOSS OF TRANSPORTATION Blood - Blood summary: Composition and cells Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds blood cells in whole blood vs. blood serum is blood plasma without clotting factors. GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES NONGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES Blood smear (Giemsa stain) Lymphocyte Eosinophil Monocyte Neutrophil Basophil (Slide 22) Platelets Study Questions % Prevalence in normal blood Distinguishing characteristics Contents of specific granules Life span 54-62% 3-5 connected lobes, cytoplasm is granulated 1. Azurophilic primary granules 1. Myeloperoxidase 2. Lysozyme 3. Defensins 2. Specific secondary granules 1-4 days 25-33% No granules in cytoplasm, densestaining nucleus surrounded by narrow cytoplasmic rim Agranular Hours to many years 3-7% Largest agranular leukocyte with horshoe-shaped nucleus Agranular Hours to years 1-3% Typically bilobed nucleus, cytoplasm has large eosinophilic granules 1. Major basic proteins 2. Others 0-0.75% Cytoplasm contains dark blue or brown granules, basophilic nucleus normally obscured by dense cytoplasmic granules 1. Heparin 2. Histamine 3. Others Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils 1-2 weeks Several months Neutrophils Platelets Lymphocyte Lymphocyte Monocyte Erythrocytes FORMED ELEMENTS (non-fluid, cellular) AND FUNCTIONS IN BLOOD CELL TYPE ERYTHROCYTES MAIN FUNCTIONS C02 AND 02 TRANSPORT NEUTROPHILS PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA EOSINOPHILS PARASITIC INFECTIONS, INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES RELEASE OF HISTAMINE AND OTHER INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS MONONUCLEAR-PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM become macrophages BASOPHILS MONOCYTES FORMED ELEMENTS (non-fluid, cellular) AND FUNCTIONS IN BLOOD con’t CELL TYPE B LYMPHOCYTES (CYTOTOXIC T CELL) MAIN FUNCTIONS GENERATION OF ANTIBODY-PRODUCING PLASMA CELLS KILLING OF VIRUSINFECTED CELLS KILLING OF SOME TUMOR AND VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS PLATELETS CLOTTING OF BLOOD T LYMPHOCYTES NATURAL KILLER ERYTHROCYTES MINUTE CORPUSCLES - RED COLOR OF BLOOD (iron) BONE MARROW DERIVED ANUCLEATED CELLS (MAMMALS) • NONFUNCTIONAL NUCLEI IN BIRDS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIA, AND FISH 4.8 TO 5.4 X 106/MM3 = 1µL OF BLOOD, 45% OF BLOOD 25-30 X 1012/PERSON (LARGER AT HIGH ELEVATION) Peripheral blood smear (Leishman-Giemsa) basophil, eosinophil, and neutrophils The basic functions of the leukocytes: Neutrophil: bacteria, fungi Eosinophil: parasites, allergic inflammatory responses Basophil: release histamine for inflammatory response Lymphocyte: B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells Monocyte: migrates from blood to tissue and becomes a macrophage Peripheral blood smear (May-Grunwald-Giemsa) Monocyte Lymphocyte Monocyte 113 EM 6 Plasma cells EM of white blood cells EM 8f 21 Neutrophils NEUROPHILS (GRANDULES) AZUROPHILIC ACID PHOSPHATASE (HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES) PRIMARY LYSOSOMES SPECIFIC BASIC PROTEIN (PHAGOCYTINS, ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTION) EOSINOPHILS 8-12 DAY LIFE SPAN TRANSIENT OF BLOOD - 3 TO 4 HRS. SPECIFIC GRANULES - RED/ORANGE, LARGE, CRYSTALLOIDS • MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN (KILLS PARASITIC WORMS) COMMON IN LAMINA PROPRIA (CT UNDER LINING EPITHELIUM) • ALIMENTARY TRACT • RESPIRATORY TRACT ATTRACTED BY CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS GIVEN OFF BY MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS ROLE • PARASITIC DISEASES • ALLERGY 21 BASOPHILS LEAST NUMEROUS WBC SPECIFIC GRANULES (BLUE, LARGE, HISTAMINE) • METACHROMASIA (HEPARIN in several varied colors) MAY BE INDUCED TO DEGRANULATE (LIKE MAST CELLS) SPECIFIC RECEPTORS FOR IgE IMMUNOGLOBULIN • IgE USUALLY DILUTES IN BLOOD • 20 FOLD IN PERSONS WITH HAY FEVER, ASTHMA, OR ALLERGIC DERMATITIS BASOPHILS HISTAMINE - ITCHING AND INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY – EDEMA CUTANEOUS BASOPHIL HYPERSENSITIVITY REBUCK WINDOW • (BASOPHILS MIGRATE TO DERMIS - CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY) Note granules above nucleus EM 8b BASOPHIL PLATELET FUNCTION - BLOOD CLOTTING 1. PRIMARY AGGREGATION OF PLATELET PLUG - ATTACHMENT TO DAMAGED TISSUE 2. SECONDARY AGGREGATION • ALPHA AND DELTA GRANULES – INDUCE FURTHER AGGREGATION 3. BLOOD COAGULATION - CASCADE OF PLASMA PROTEINS TO FORM BLOOD CLOT OR THROMBUS 4. CLOT RETRACTION - PLATELET ACTIN, MYOSIN AND ATP 5. CLOT REMOVAL - PLASMIN (PROTEOLYTIN ENZYME) AND PLATELET ENZYME CONTAINING GRANULES PLATELET’S ROLE IN STOPPING BLEEDING PRODUCTION OF SEROTONIN – VASOCONSTRICTION TO STOP BLOOD FLOW PRODUCE THROMBOPLASTIN FIBRIN POLYMERIZES AND PRODUCES THE HEMOSTATIC PLUG SUMMARY OF PLATELETS - THROMBOPLASTIDS HAVE MANY METABOLIC FUNCTION OF WHOLE CELLS WHEN EXPOSED TO DAMAGED CELLS, STICKY AGGREGATION • STICK TO EACH OTHER SUMMARY OF PLATELETS - THROMBOPLASTIDS HAVE MANY METABOLIC FUNCTION OF WHOLE CELLS WHEN EXPOSED TO DAMAGED CELLS, STICKY AGGREGATION • STICK TO EACH OTHER RELEASE ADP (FROM ATP INSIDE PLATELETS) WHICH ATTACHES TO OTHER PLATELETS SUMMARY OF PLATELETS - THROMBOPLASTIDS HAVE MANY METABOLIC FUNCTION OF WHOLE CELLS WHEN EXPOSED TO DAMAGED CELLS, STICKY AGGREGATION • STICK TO EACH OTHER RELEASE ADP (FROM ATP INSIDE PLATELETS) WHICH ATTACHES TO OTHER PLATELETS PRODUCE THROMBOPLASTIC WHICH CATALIZES PROTHROMBIN TO THROMBIN WHICH CATALIZES FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN, FORMS NET TO CATCH RBC AND OTHER PLATELETS (BASIS OF THE BLOOD CLOT) SUMMARY OF PLATELETS THROMBOPLASTIDS ANUCLEATE (MAMMALS) ZONES • HYDALOMERE – MICROTUBULES AND SMALL VESICLES • GRANULOMERE - AZUROPHILIC GRANULES GRANULES - SOME CONTAIN SEROTONIN VASOCONSTRICTION PLATELETS PRODUCED BY MEGAKARYOCYTES (BONE MARROW) LAST 8 TO 11 DAYS White blood cells in blood White blood cells in blood