Fulfilling Oxygenation Needs

FULFILLINGOXYGENATION NEEDS Oxygenation Concept Oxygen isontheoxygen mostthroughout important physiological need. Oxygen is needed tofunction maintainoflife. Everyone willand depend their life. O2 needs are supplied by the the respiratory cardiovascular systems. Oxygen inminutes the bodyit will cancause be regulated according to tohuman needs. If cause the body does not receive oxygen within 4 irreparable damage the brain and death.Reduced oxygen supply will cause mental confusion and anoxia. Ifseen the O2onsupply is ears, insufficient then the red blood color disappears and changes to bluish which can be the lips, hands and feet or also called cyanosis. Factors affecting oxygenation a. There are several factors that influence oxygenation, namely: b. Physiological Factors c. Decreased oxygen carrying capacity d. Anemia: Hb levels below normal(The capacity of the blood to carry O2 decreases e. Inhalation poison: CO2 poisoning(The capacity of the blood to carry O2 decreases f. Decreased inspired oxygen concentration g. When the inspired O2 concentration decreases(The capacity of the blood to carry O2 decreases. h. Aanddecrease in the fraction of inspiredthe oxygen concentration caused by upper lower airway obstruction(limits transport of inspired(FiO2) O2 tocan thebealveoli Hypovolemia a. Condition of decreased circulating blood volume duetransport to loss ofis extracellular severe dehydration(decrease in blood pressure(O2 disrupted. fluid(shock, Increased metabolic rate a. This condition causes the need for O2 to increase. b. When the body is unable to meet the body's increased needs(O2 levels will decrease. c. Increased metabolic rate(the body's normal response to pregnancy, the wound healing process, fever. Conditions that affect chest wall movement a. Any condition that reduces chestvolume wall movement(decreased ventilation(when the diaphragm does not lower with breath(the of air inspired will decrease(O2 transported to the alveoli and tissues will decrease. b. Pregnancy: the uterus enlargesandpushing abdominal contents into the diaphragm(decreased inspiratory capacity(dyspnea increasing weakness. c. Obesity: heavy thorax and lower abdomen (supine/recumbent position)(decreased lung compliance, increased work of breathing, decreased lung volume(fatigue. Musculoskeletal disorders: thoracic region(decreased oxygenation Abnormal hypoxemia.thoracic structural configuration: impairs oxygenation(hypoventilation and Trauma: chest trauma(inhibits inspiration. Muscle disease: muscular dystrophy(affect tissue oxygenation(reduces the ability of chest expansion and contraction(ventilation is broken(atelectasis, hypercapnea, hypoxemia. Nervous system diseases: Myasthenia gravis, GBS (Guillain Barre Syndrome) poliomelitis(affect respiratory function(hypoventilation. Central Disease/trauma to the medulla breathingnervous in the system nerves ischanges: damaged(abnormal breathing patterns.oblongata(the regulation of Disease/trauma of thevolume spinaldecreases(hypoxemia. cord (phrenic nerve)(the diaphragm cannot descend(inspiratory Spinal cordthetrauma belowmuscles the 5th cervical vertebra(The phrenic nerve intact but the nerves supplying intercostal are damaged(anteroposterior chest isexpansion. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. Developmental Factors a. Premature baby b. Risk of developing disease due to surfactant deficiency. c. Babies and toddlers d. Risk of acute respiratory infections(exposure to cigarette smoke e. School age children and teenagers f. Risk of acute respiratory infections(smoke exposure g. cigarette/smoking h. Young and middle adults i. Unhealthy diet, lack of exercise activity, stress(heart and lung disease j. Elderly k. Degenerative process(arteriosclerosis, decreased lung elasticity, decreased lung expansion Behavioral Factors a. Nutrition b. Obesity causes a decrease in lung expansion c. Poor nutrition causes anemia so that the binding capacity of Hb to O2 is reduced d. A high-fat diet causes arteriosclerosis e. Physical exercise increases O2 requirements Substance abuse a. Alcohol & drugs can interfere with tissue oxygenation. b. Substance abuse (decreased nutrition(Fe decreases(decline Hb production. a. Substance abuse (depression breathing and inhaled O2. of the respiratory center, reducing the frequency/depth of b. Substance abuse (direct injury to tissue(permanent lung damage. Smoke a. Nicotine(vasoconstriction of coronary/peripheral Lung cancer risk (10x higher)(Dettenmeir, 1992 blood vessels(increases blood pressure. Stress/anxiety a. Stress(metabolism increases(O2 requirements increase(Increase the frequency and depth of breathing. b. Individuals with chronic illnesses (AMI)(stress(threatening life(intolerance due to anxiety Environmental factor a. Workplace (pollution) b. Ambient temperature c. The height of the place above sea level. Changes in Respiratory Function a. Changes primary respiratory ventilationin and oxygen transport,function namely:caused by diseases and conditions that affect Hyperventilation a. The deep.body's efforts to increase the amount of O2 in the lungs so that breathing is fast and b. The purpose of thisO2ventilation is to produce normal CO2 tension in the arteries (PaCO2) and maintain normal tension (PaO2). c. Hyperventilation metabolism. is required to eliminate normal CO2 in the veins produced through cellular d. Hyperventilation be caused by anxiety, infection, drugs, acidhypoxia, base imbalance (compensation ofcan metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis), fever. e. Symptoms: tachycardia, shortness of breath,spasm) chest pain, headache, disorientation, tinnitus, blurred vision, parethia, tetany (capopedal Hypoventilation a. Air intake process, but only a small amount enters. b. Occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's O2 supply or remove CO2 adequately. c. Atelectasis (lunglungs collapse)(prevent exchange of O2 and CO2(because the alveoli collapse(fewer are ventilated(hypoventilation occurs. d. Clients with pulmonary obstruction, giving excess oxygen will cause hypoventilation. e. Symptoms: dizziness,electrolyte lethargy, headache (occipital only when cardiac dysrhythmia, imbalance, convulsions, coma,awake), cardiacdisorientation, arrest. Hyperventilation and hypoventilation areandrelated to alveolar ventilation, not by to the client's respiratory frequency. Hyperventilation hypoventilation therapy begins treating the function underlying cause of the disorder, then increasing tissue oxygenation, improving ventilation and attempting acid-base balance. Hypoxia a. Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the tissue level. b. Due to conductor deficiency or use of O2 in cellular. Hypoxia is caused by: a. Decreased hemoglobin/Hb levels. b. Decreased inspired O2 concentration c. Inability of tissues to take O2 from the blood d. Decreased diffusion of O2 from the alveoli to the blood (pneumonia) e. Poor perfusion of blood containing O2 in the tissues (shock) f. Impaired ventilation (multiple rib fractures/chest trauma) Symptoms: anxiety, restlessness, changes in behavior, unable to liedecreased down, looksconcentration, tired, restless,decreased changes inconsciousness, vital signs. dizziness, The initial stage of hypoxia: blood pressure increases, breathing decreases due to fatigue of the respiratory muscles. Cyanosis: a bluishofdiscoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to saturated Hb in the capillaries(signs advanced hypoxia. Hypoxia is life threatening(cardiac dysrhythmia(death. Hypoxia(administering oxygen and treating the cause (airway obstruction)