Courses : Forest Ecology Lecturer :Frischa Adellia Semester : 4thSemester, 2022/2023 Session Definition of Distillation Distillation is the process of separating substances contained in a liquid mixture or solution based on differences in boiling points. The basic principle of distillation is that the substances in the mixture will evaporate at their respective boiling point temperatures. By heating the mixture, substances with a lower boiling point will evaporate first and then condense back into liquid, while substances with a higher boiling point will remain in the liquid phase. The distillation process usually involves heating a liquid mixture in a distillation apparatus such as a simple distillation apparatus or distillation column. The steam produced will rise to the cooled condenser, where the steam will condense and return to liquid which is then collected as a result of distillation. Distillation has a wide range of applications, including in water purification, separation of compounds in the chemical industry, separation of crude oil into different fractions in the oil and gas industry, and the manufacture of alcoholic beverages such as liquor. This method is one of the most commonly used separation techniques and is the basis for many industrial processes involving the separation of substances based on differences in boiling points. In distillation, there are several types that are commonly used, including: 1. Simple distillation: This process involves heating a liquid mixture in a distillation flask, followed by condensation of the vapor and collection of the condensed liquid. Simple distillation is often used in laboratories to separate compounds with quite different boiling points. 2. Fractional distillation: Fractional distillation is used when the difference in boiling points between the components in a liquid mixture is not very large. This process involves the use of a long distillation column, where the steam rises and condenses repeatedly allowing more efficient separation between the components. Distillation is a very important process in the chemical industry and various other applications because of its ability to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points. This process is used in a variety of contexts from the production of chemicals, alcoholic beverages, to water and oil purification. Thus, a good understanding of the principles and applications of distillation is essential in various industrial and research fields. The main purpose of distillation is to separate or purify substances in a liquid mixture based on differences in boiling points. Some specific purposes of distillation include: 1. Purification: Distillation is used to separate liquid mixtures into purer components. For example, in the oil and gas industry, distillation is used to separate crude oil fractions into purer products such as gasoline, diesel and fuel oil. 2. Separation of compounds: Distillation can be used to separate compounds contained in liquid mixtures. An example is in the pharmaceutical industry, distillation is used to separate drug compounds from the reaction mixture. 3. Water purification: Distillation is one of the main methods of water purification to remove contaminants and dissolved substances from water, thereby producing water that is cleaner and safer for consumption or use in various applications. 4. Making alcoholic drinks: Distillation is used in making alcoholic drinks such as liquor to separate ethanol from the fermentation mixture. 5. Separation of azeotropes: Distillation can also be used to resolve azeotropes, which are mixtures whose composition and boiling point are constant, thereby allowing further purification of the components in the mixture. Thus, the purpose of distillation varies depending on the context and application, but in general, the process aims to separate and/or purify substances in a liquid mixture based on differences in their boiling points. In conclusion, distillation is an important process in the chemical industry which aims to separate or purify substances in a liquid mixture based on differences in boiling points. This process involves heating a liquid mixture to vaporize substances with lower boiling points, followed by condensation of the vapor and collection of the condensed liquid. The main purpose of distillation is to separate components in a liquid mixture, increase the purity of the product, and produce substances or compounds in a purer form. Distillation is used in various industries including the oil and gas industry, pharmaceuticals, water purification, and the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. With its ability to separate mixtures based on differences in boiling points, distillation is one of the most commonly used separation methods and is the basis for many industrial processes involving the separation of substances based on their physicochemical properties. Therefore, a good understanding of the principles and applications of distillation is essential in various industrial and research fields.