Courses : Forest Ecology Lecturer :Frischa Adellia Semester : 4thSemester, 2022/2023 Session In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) is a soil remediation method used to remove dangerous contaminants directly on site (in-situ) without removing contaminated soil. This method involves the use of oxidizing chemicals applied directly to the soil to destroy or convert contaminants into harmless compounds. This oxidation process aims to decompose or remove organic contaminants from the soil by increasing its reactivity through chemical reactions with oxidizing chemicals. Some common oxidizing chemicals used in ISCO include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), or ozone (O3). When these oxidizing chemicals are applied to contaminated soil, they react with organic contaminants and oxidize them into simpler compounds, such as water, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts. This process can reduce or eliminate environmental risks posed by harmful contaminants. The advantages of In-situ Chemical Oxidation include: 1. Effectiveness: This method can effectively remove organic contaminants from soil, including highly persistent or toxic compounds. 2. On-site treatment of contaminated soil: ISCO makes it possible to treat contaminated soil on-site without the need for lifting or excavating the soil, which can reduce costs and disruption to the surrounding environment. 3. Flexibility: ISCO can be applied to a wide range of soil types and contaminated sites, with the ability to customize the oxidizer chemical formulation to suit site-specific needs. 4. Rapid recovery: The oxidation process usually occurs relatively quickly, allowing for rapid recovery from soil contamination. However, some of the limitations of ISCO include the high costs associated with procuring and shipping oxidizing chemicals, as well as the potential to create hazardous byproducts depending on environmental conditions and chemical reactions occurring. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of soil conditions and choice of oxidizing chemicals is necessary before applying the ISCO method. As an example of the application of In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO), consider an industrial site contaminated by hazardous organic compounds such as petroleum or industrial chemicals. To overcome this contamination, the soil remediation team can use the ISCO method by applying hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the contaminated soil. The process begins with the injection of an H2O2 solution into the soil via an injection well or spraying system. Hydrogen peroxide will react with contaminated organic compounds in the soil, breaking them down into simpler compounds such as water and carbon dioxide. These reactions oxidize organic contaminants, converting them into forms that are safer or easier to remove from the environment. ISCO implementation can take several weeks to several months depending on the level of contamination and the size of the affected area. During the remediation process, continuous monitoring is carried out to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the process. Once completed, the remediated soil can be tested again to ensure that the level of contamination is within acceptable limits according to applicable environmental standards. With the implementation of ISCO, previously contaminated land can be restored to a safer and more sustainable environment without the need for physical lifting or digging of the soil. This reduces the costs and time required for soil remediation, as well as reducing the environmental impact caused by remediation activities.