Social Problems Answer Key Part 2

39. In classical conditioning, acquisition can be described as the process in which A) B) C) D) the CS produces the UCR. the CR is weakened. the CS is associated with the UCS. the UCS produces the CR. Answer: C) the CS is associated with the UCS. 40. In which of the following would the acquisition of a classically conditioned response be the fastest? A) B) C) D) Hugh rings a bell immediately after he gives his dog a treat. Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later. Hugh rings a bell often, and gives the dog a treat after every fifth ring. Hugh rings a bell and then immediately gives his dog a treat. Answer: D) Hugh rings a bell and then immediately gives his dog a treat. 41. Extinction occurs when the __________ no longer produces the __________. A) B) C) D) UCS; CR UCS; UCR CS; CR CS; UCS Answer: C) CS; CR 42. After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called A) B) acquisition. testing. C) D) extinction. spontaneous recovery. Answer: C) extinction. 43. When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will weaken in a process called A) B) C) D) CR fading. extinction. habituation. generalization fading. Answer: B) extinction. 44. If your dog gets excited and barks each time you walk in the kitchen (because you usually give him a treat in the kitchen) then which of the following processes could reduce your dog's excitement? A) B) C) D) Acquisition Spontaneous recovery Extinction Sensitization Answer: C) Extinction 45. You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? A) B) C) D) Counterconditioning Instinctive drift Spontaneous recovery Stimulus discrimination Answer: C) Spontaneous recovery 46. The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called A) counterconditioning. B) instinctive drift. C) spontaneous recovery. D) stimulus discrimination. Answer: C) spontaneous recovery. 47. An animal is conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell, using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, which of the following would be evidence of spontaneous recovery? A) B) C) D) the animal doesn't seem to even notice the bell the animal only eats when the bell rings the animal salivates when the bell rings the animal becomes aggressive in the test chamber Answer: C) the animal salivates when the bell rings 48. Which of the following is an example of the renewal effect? A) Stacy can deal with her spider phobia in the therapist's office, but still experiences a lot of fear in her own basement. B) Jack no longer craves alcohol, after several years of avoiding it. C) Mia always smiles whenever she walks into her grandmother's kitchen. D) Bo becomes more and more irritated by the sound of the neighbours' television. Answer: A) Stacy can deal with her spider phobia in the therapist's office, but still experiences a lot of fear in her own basement. 49. Tina thought that she was over her fear of dogs. When she was a child, she was bitten by her uncle's dog and developed a serious phobia. Since then, she has learned to be calm around dogs and has even learned to like some dogs. But yesterday, Tina visited her uncle's house and the fear all came back. According to the principles of classical conditioning, this would be an example of A) B) C) latent inhibition. the renewal effect. extinction. D) stimulus generalization. Answer: B) the renewal effect. 50. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called A) B) C) D) stimulus generalization. stimulus adaptation. higher-order conditioning. shaping. Answer: A) stimulus generalization. 51. After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus, and this new neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called A) B) C) D) generalization. operant conditioning. higher-order conditioning. neoclassical conditioning. Answer: C) higher-order conditioning. 52. Ben's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day, a slightly different song is heard in the distance, and Ben's mouth waters. Ben's behaviour illustrates A) B) C) D) stimulus discrimination. stimulus generalization. stimulus assimilation. stimulus recovery. Answer: B) stimulus generalization. 53. While on a cruise ship, Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner. His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation, and, consequently, Kevin shivers at the mere sight of cruise ships. Kevin's response to any cruise ship, and not just the one that he was on, illustrates the process of A) acquisition. B) generalization. C) discrimination. D) scapegoating. Answer: B) generalization. 54. Kyle and Ben were in a car accident. After the accident, Kyle feels some fear whenever he drives anywhere whereas Ben only gets nervous when he is near the site of the original accident. In this example, Kyle seems to have experienced ______ whereas Ben has experienced ________________. A) B) C) D) Stimulus discrimination; stimulus generalization Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination Stimulus habituation; generalization gradient Generalization gradient; stimulus habituation Answer: B) Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination 55. Ursula is afraid of some rodents, after she was bitten by a rat. She is afraid of all rats, as well as mice and hamsters, but is not afraid of guinea pigs or gerbils. Ursula's responses best demonstrate that A) B) C) D) stimulus generalization has occurred. stimulus discrimination has occurred. stimulus generalization occurs along a gradient. stimulus discrimination is unpredictable. Answer: C) stimulus generalization occurs along a gradient. 56. Andrew is a heroin addict, and he usually shoots up at his friend Dave's place. Following an intervention and treatment, Andrew is trying very hard to stop using heroin but finds that when he goes over to Dave's place, his craving for the drug is very strong. In this example, Dave's place serves as A) B) C) D) an unconditioned response. a conditioned stimulus. a source of stimulus generalization. a form of aversive conditioning. Answer: B) a conditioned stimulus. 57. If an advertiser wanted to use higher-order conditioning to get you to like a new product, what should the advertiser pair with that new product? A) B) C) D) Something that naturally elicits positive feelings. Something that you've already learned to like. Uplifting music. Large discounts. Answer: B) Something that you've already learned to like. 58. Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a bell sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS– UCS linkage was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the bell sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of A) B) C) D) spontaneous recovery. higher-order conditioning. stimulus generalization. extinction. Answer: B) higher-order conditioning. 59. When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another neutral stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as A) B) C) D) spontaneous recovery. higher-order conditioning. stimulus generalization. extinction. Answer: B) higher-order conditioning. 60. Arthur learns to fear white rats, but he does not fear white rabbits or other small white animals. This example illustrates A) B) spontaneous recovery. stimulus discrimination. C) D) acquisition. stimulus generalization. Answer: B) stimulus discrimination. 61. Advertisers pair their products with things that most people enjoy, like pleasant music, beautiful scenery, or pictures of attractive people smiling. If you think more positively about the advertised products as a result of these pairings, then your positive feelings represent A) B) C) D) an unconditioned response. a conditioned response. an unconditioned stimulus. a conditioned stimulus. Answer: B) a conditioned response. 62. Darcy wants to change her image, so that people see her as more mature and professional now that she is an adult with degree and a good job. She has changed the way she dresses, speaks more formally, and even started wearing glasses to appear more serious. No matter what she tries, her friends and family still think of her as silly and immature. Which conditioning phenomenon is most similar to this example? A) B) C) D) higher-order conditioning. latent inhibition. aversive conditioning. conditioned compensatory responses. Answer: B) latent inhibition. 63. In the "Little Albert" study that was intended to show how phobias develop, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the A) B) C) D) white rat. loud noise. fear of the rat. fear of the noise. Answer: B) loud noise. 64. In a famous study about fear conditioning, Dr. Watson offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind the baby's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________ in his study. A) discriminative stimulus B) counterconditioning stimulus C) conditioned stimulus D) unconditioned stimulus Answer: C) conditioned stimulus 65. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is Albert's fear of the other white fuzzy stimuli? A) B) C) D) an unconditioned response stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination an extinction effect Answer: B) stimulus generalization 66. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is the cute white rat? A) B) C) D) conditioned stimulus stimulus generalization an unconditioned stimulus a discriminative stimulus Answer: A) conditioned stimulus 67. In the study of Little Albert, a cute white rat was paired with a frightening noise, which led Little Albert to be somewhat afraid of the white rat, as well as to some other white fuzzy animals and stimuli. In this study, what is Albert's fear of the frightening noise? A) B) an unconditioned response stimulus generalization C) D) a conditioned response discrimination Answer: A) an unconditioned response 68. Watson and his colleagues conditioned a fear of white rats in a young child named Little Albert, by pairing a rat with a frightening noise. What could Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear of the white rat? A) B) C) D) Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard, or other white fuzzy stimuli, repeatedly Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present Answer: A) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following 69. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not __________ had occurred. A) B) C) D) behaviour modification shaping extinction stimulus generalization Answer: D) stimulus generalization 70. What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery? A) B) C) D) Even after his fear of rats was extinguished, the fear could come back. After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back. His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise. His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present. Answer: A) Even after his fear of rats was extinguished, the fear could come back. 71. Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats, but if white rats and loud noises are presented together, Albert may learn to fear rats. In this example, white rats would be the A) CR. B) UCR. C) UCS. D) CS. Answer: D) CS. 72. Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be A) B) C) D) based on classical conditioning. deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants. based on the principle of observational learning. based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement. Answer: A) based on classical conditioning. 73. Which of the following processes would be most helpful for treating a phobia or serious fear response? A) B) C) D) Instinctive drift Latent inhibition Punishment Extinction Answer: D) Extinction 74. Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent graphic news coverage of people falling from a collapsed bridge. In this example, which of the following is the CS? A) B) C) D) Fear People falling Graphic news coverage Bridges Answer: D) Bridges