Introduction to Sociology Final Exam Study Guide

Final Exam Review Chapter 11: global inequality Colonialism: the maintenance of political, social, economic, & cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period (taken over by political/military force + physical occupation) Neocolonialism: continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries (taken over by economic + political forces without physical or military occupation) Modernization theory: the evolution of societies from traditional forms of social organization, typically rural, agricultural, & religious, toward forms characteristic of post-industrial revolution societies the road toward modernization would be travelled by all countries are portrayed as inferior Dependency theories: poor, less developed nations became subservient to wealthy industrial nations, which use their economic & political might to maintain power World systems analysis: Immanuel Wallerstein, a view of the global economic system as one divided between industrialized nations that control wealth - developing countries that are controlled & exploited Multinational companies: commercial organizations that are headquartered in 1 country but do business & have facilities throughout the world Apple Saudi Aramco Microsoft Amazon Global distribution of income & wealth: inequality of wealth is greater than income & graphs Human rights: Universal moral rights possessed by all people because they are human chapter 12: gender + sexuality Sex: biological differences between male & females Intersex: not clearly male or female, having aspects of both Transgender: gender identity different from sex at birth Cisgender: gender identity aligns more closely with cultural expectations associated with sex at birth Gender binary: Assumption there are only 2 sexes & 2 genders + that they always Match (male: masculine) Gender socialization: process through children learn about social expectations, attitudes, & behaviors associated with boys & girls. Gender displays: we receive negative feedback based on gender performance Gender roles: culturally, some accept multiple gender, distribution of power based on gender also varies, demonstrates biology is not destiny Heteronormativity: the cultural presumption that heterosexuality is appropriate standard for sexual identity & practice + alternative sexualities are wrong Second shift: Women's double burden of working outside the home followed by childcare + housework Glass ceiling: invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual at work because of gender/sex Sexism: ideology that 1 sex is superior to the other Institutional discrimination: systematic denial of rights & opportunities to marginalized groups as a part of society's normal operations Goals of 1st Wave Feminist Movement: recognition genders are created equal, got right to vote, healthcare education, & property, rights The 2nd wave: challenged male dominance, wanted control over reproduction The 3rd wave: personal empowerment, open about sexualities, celebrate diversity Chapter 13: Race & Ethnicity Race: presumed biological differences between humans to which people attach meaning resulting in the creation of supposed genetically distinct subgroups within the population Ethnicity: presumed cultural differences Racial formation: a sociohistoric process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed & destroyed Concept of inferior races One-drop rule: principle that if a person had even 1 black African ancestor the person was labeled as black Prejudice: a preconceived & unjustified judgement of individuals based on group membership Discrimination: practice of denying equal access to opportunities & resources on the basis of group membership rather than rights Racism: combination of cultural beliefs regarding inherent racial superiority & inferiority with normative practices of advantage or disadvantage which get built into a structure that reproduces patterns of unequal outcomes Implicit bias: automatic & unconscious association of value with particular groups, subgroups, or characteristics of people Hate crimes: a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against someone based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation Immigration policies: fluctuate & change according to economic booms or busts Economic struggles: tightens policies Amalgamation: a majority group & minority combine to form a new group Assimilation: person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture Pluralism: mutual respect for another's cultures among various groups that allows minorities to express their own cultures without prejudice Segregation: physical separation of 2 groups in terms of residence, workplace, & social events Chapter 7: Families Marriage effects on families: shared decision making + housework, & time spent with children. Divorce: in violence & adultery Substantive definition of the family: in terms of blood, connecting people biologically, & law connecting people through formal social recognitions Kinship patterns of descent: state of being related to others Bilateral descent: both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important Patrilineal descent: only fathers relative are significant Matrilineal descent: only mothers Functionalist definition of families: focuses on how families provide for physical, social, & emotional needs of individuals & of society as a whole Monogamy: 2 people are married to each other Serial monogamy: person has several spouses in lifetime but 1 at a time Polygamy: Several husbands or wives at same time Polygyny: man has more than 1 wife at same time Polyandry: woman has more than 1 husband Nuclear family: married couple + unmarried children, living together Concerted cultivation: involving active engagement & sustained supervision in order to foster children's growth & development, is more used by middle/upper middle class Accomplishment of natural growth: parents provide broad guidelines for behavior & allow children the freedom to navigate the world on their own & used by working class & poor