Understanding Yourself and Others 1-54 Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT necessarily true about close relationships? a. They are important. b. They are long lasting. c. They are interdependent. d. They can be interchangeable. ANSWER: d 2. The largest group of college students identified which of the following as the person to whom they felt the closest? a. Friend b. Co-worker c. Family member d. Romantic partner ANSWER: d 3. Close relationships can arouse both positive and negative feelings. This phenomenon is termed a. bipolar personality. b. paradox of close relationships. c. poetic license. ANSWER: d. attraction paradox. b 4. Elena is very caring toward her friend Monique. She spends a lot of time texting with her, especially when Monique was going through a rough time in her marriage. When Monique forgave her husband for bad behavior, Elena felt despair and anger with Monique for giving in. These feelings exemplify a. a bad friendship. b. an intradependent relationship. c. the paradox of close relationships. d. the end of a friendship. ANSWER: c 5. Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the nature of initial encounters between two people? a. Proximity b. Familiarity c. Resource exchange d. Physical attractiveness ANSWER: c 6. ______ refers to geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness. a. Proximity b. Familiarity c. Similarity d. Personal space ANSWER: a 7. Susan recognized the face of someone she often sees at work. She smiled when she saw the person despite not knowing who the person was. This is an example of b. mere exposure effect. a. proximity. d. personal space. c. physical attractiveness. ANSWER: b 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the role of physical attractiveness in relationships? a. Good looks play a role in friendships. b. Its importance is different for a life partner than a casual relationship. c. Males prefer attractiveness in both same- and other-gender friends. d. The importance of physical attractiveness in a dating partner has decreased in the last 50 years. ANSWER: d 9. Physical attractiveness a. plays a major role in dating. b. is only important to men. c. is only important in heterosexual relationships. d. is not important in friendships. ANSWER: a 10. Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is NOT true? a. Attractiveness is an important factor in dating. b. Males in particular reportedly prefer attractiveness in their same- and other-gender friends. c. Judgmentsaboutphysicalattractivenesschangeasonelearnsabouttheperson’spersonality. d. Homosexuals place more importance on the physical attractiveness of their dating partners than heterosexuals do. ANSWER: d 11. In an international Internet survey, Lippa found all of the following EXCEPT a. intelligence and humor were ranked higher than good looks by men and women. b. men ranked good looks higher than kindness or intelligence. c. men ranked good looks higher than women. d. communication skills were ranked lower than humor by men and women. ANSWER: b 12. Which of the following facial features is NOT associated with physical attractiveness in women? a. Large eyes b. Small nose c. Thin lips d. Prominent cheekbones ANSWER: c 13. Marge associates positive attributes with being underweight. She a. is unlikely to have an eating disorder unless she is white. b. is in danger of a having incidence of an eating disorder. c. will be healthier than the average American. d. understands the benefits of being thin. ANSWER: b 14. The matching hypothesis suggests that people of similar ______ gravitate toward each other. a. intellectual ability b. personal warmth c. physical attractiveness d. academic accomplishment ANSWER: c 15. Evolutionary explanations for dating and mating habits include a. familiarity. b. the matching hypothesis. c. parental investment theory. ANSWER: c d. all of the above. 16. According to evolutionary psychologists, men seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a woman’s a. intelligence. b. financial prospects. c. reproductive capacity. d. capacity for resource acquisition. ANSWER: c 17. According to evolutionary psychologists, women seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a man’s a. intelligence. b. financial prospects. c. reproductive capacity. d. capacity for resource acquisition. ANSWER: d 18. Heterosexualwomen’spreferencesforaphysicallyattractiveman a. are not influenced by her economic power. b. appear to increase along with her economic power. c. appear to decrease along with her career opportunities. d. are determined by biological factors. ANSWER: b 19. Which of the following refers to the fact that we tend to like others who like us? a. Proximity liking b. Reciprocal liking c. Matching hypothesis d. Social exchange theory ANSWER: b 20. Researchers have suggested that the ______ can be used to explain the notion of reciprocal liking. a. matching hypothesis b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. fundamental attribution error d. theory of cognitive dissonance ANSWER: b 21. The“similarityprinciple”tendstobefoundmostfrequentlyin b. homosexual couples. a. heterosexual couples. c. friendships. d. all of the above. ANSWER: d 22. Which of the following adages has the most empirical support? a. “Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.” b. “Oppositesattract.” c. “Similaritybreedscontempt.” d. All of these have equally high support. ANSWER: a 23. Heterosexual married and dating couples tend to be similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT b. intelligence. a. physical attractiveness. c. attitudes. d. personality. ANSWER: d 24. If you want to have a friend, be a friend. This statement is most consistent with which of the following concepts? a. Proximity b. Reciprocity c. Matching hypothesis d. Mere exposure effect ANSWER: b 25. ________ involves the actions one takes to sustain the desirable qualities of a relationship. a. Social exchange b. Relationship maintenance c. Reciprocity ANSWER: d. Attribution b 26. _________isanactiverelationshipmaintenanceprocessthatincludesknowledgeofthepartner’sopinionsand makingpositiveattributionsregardingthepartner’sbehaviors. a. Reciprocity b. Fundamental attribution error c. Social exchange ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: d. Minding d 27. Encouraging your partner to disclose his or her thoughts and feelings to you illustrates which of the following relationship maintenance strategies? a. Positivity b. Assurances c. Openness d. Social networking ANSWER: c 28. The idea that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of rewards and costs is a key premise in a. social exchange theory. b. the matching hypothesis. c. social comparison d. the theory of cognitive dissonance. theory. a ANSWER: 29. Kelly thinks she works hard to make sure that her relationship with her boyfriend Michael is fulfilling and fun. However,latelyshehasbeguntothinkthatMichaeldoesn’tappreciateherefforts.Accordingto______,this relationship might not last. b. social exchange theory a. social learning theory c. the matching hypothesis ANSWER: d. the notion of reciprocal liking b 30. Eight-year-old Cindy has to decide whether to be best friends with Jillian, who has lots of toys to play with, or with Kaitlin,whosefamilyhasinvitedCindytogocampingwiththem.Accordingtosocialexchangetheory,Cindy’s choice will most likely be influenced by her consideration of which of the following? a. Comparison level for alternatives b. Evaluation of the matching hypothesis c. Relative proximity of the two possible friends d. The socioeconomic status of the girls’ families ANSWER: a 31. Basically, social exchange (or interdependence) theory is a(n) _____ model of relationship satisfaction. a. economic b. comparison level c. proximity level d. relational ANSWER: a 32. According to Clark and Mills, social exchange principles usually apply to ______ relationships, but these principles don’toperateasconsistentlyin______relationships. a. sexual; close b. close; business c. communal; romantic ANSWER: d. exchange; communal d 33. In terms of relationship commitment, things that people contribute in a relationship that they cannot get back if the relationship ends are called a. gifts. b. investments. c. stocks. d. exchanges. ANSWER: b 34. Which of the following is NOT true? a. We tend to overestimate the importance of friends. b. College students with friendship are more optimistic. c. People with strong friendships deal better with stress. d. Friendships can break down prejudice. ANSWER: a 35. Which of the following is NOT one of the common themes underlying friendships? a. Expressing affection and support b. Participating in mutually shared activities c. Providing intellectual stimulation d. Social compatibility ANSWER: c 36. Several lines of research indicate that the most important element of friendship is a. emotional support. b. intellectual stimulation. c. access to financial resources. d. physical contact. ANSWER: a 37. Studies indicate that the most important element of friendship is a. generosity. b. emotional support. c. physical attractiveness. d. similar religious attitudes. ANSWER: b 38. Ingeneral,women’sfriendshipsaremorelikelytofocuson______,whereasmen’sfriendshipstendtobebased on ______. a. shared interests; family events b. family events; emotional intimacy c. shared interests; financial matters ANSWER: d. emotional intimacy; shared interests d 39. IntheUnitedStates,women’sfriendshipsaremoreoften_____based,whereasmen’stendtobe_____based. b. emotionally; activity a. activity; emotionally c. socially; self-sufficient d. self-sufficient; socially ANSWER: b 40. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding gender and e-mail communications? a. Men and women are equally likely to discuss personal issues via e-mail. b. Men and women are equally likely to focus on activities via e-mail as opposed to personal issues. c. The gender differences associated with other forms of communication also appear in research on e-mail communication patterns. d. Men are more likely to focus on personal problems and women are more likely to focus on activities in their communication via e-mail. ANSWER: c 41. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutmen’ssamegenderfriendships? a. Men’sfriendshipstendtocenteraroundsharedactivities. b. Men’sfriendshipsareinfluencedbythetendencyformentoseethemselvesascompetitors. c. Men are socialized to be self-sufficient, which inhibits self-disclosure. d. Inallworldcultures,men’sfriendshipstendnottobeemotionallyintimate. ANSWER: d 42. Conflicts in friendships can result from a. changes in interests. b. incompatible goals. c. mismatched expectations. d. all of the above. ANSWER: d 43. Which of the following is the correct order for the three steps in friendship repair rituals? a. Acknowledgement, remedy, reproach b. Reproach, remedy, acknowledgement c. Acknowledgement, reproach, remedy d. Reproach, acknowledgement, remedy ANSWER: b 44. Friendship repair rituals include all of the following EXCEPT a. reproach. b. remedy. c. reliability. ANSWER: d. acknowledgment. c 45. Love is difficult to a. define. b. measure. c. understand. d. all of the above. ANSWER: d 46. Most homosexual women prefer to call themselves a. gay. b. lesbians. c. bisexuals. d. homosexuals. ANSWER: b 47. Harry assumes that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual until he is told otherwise. His attitude reflects a. his sexism. b. his heterosexism. c. the reciprocity principle. d. the fundamental attribution error. ANSWER: b 48. One possible problem with generalizing the results of research on romantic love and relationships is that a. researchers tend to assume that subjects are heterosexual. b. homosexualsdon’tvolunteerenoughforlaboratorystudies. c. homosexuals tend to misrepresent their sexual orientation on surveys. d. funding is only available for research on heterosexual relationships. ANSWER: a 49. Research findings suggest that ______ are more romantic, and ______ are more likely to display emotions. a. men; men b. women; women c. men; women ANSWER: d. women; men c 50. _____ fall in love more easily, but _____ fall out of love more easily. a. There are no gender differences. b. Men; women c. Women; men ANSWER: d. Gays; other gender couples b 51. According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the combination of intimacy and passion produces a. liking. b. infatuation. c. romantic love. d. companionate love. ANSWER: c 52. SusanandManny’srelationshipischaracterizedbywarmth,closeness,andsharing.Theirrelationshipwouldbe considered high in which of the following? a. Sharing b. Passion c. Intimacy d. Commitment ANSWER: c 53. WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthecomponentsinRobertSternberg’striangulartheoryoflove? a. Passion b. Support c. Intimacy d. Commitment ANSWER: b 54. AliciaandMichaelhavethoughtseriouslyaboutsplittinguponseveraloccasions.Thefactthatthey’restilltogether indicates a high level of ______ in their relationship. a. passivity b. irrationality c. commitment d. stubbornness ANSWER: c