Learning Classical & Operant Conditioning Article: Conditioning is a type of learning that links some sort of trigger or stimulus to a human behavior/response In classical the stimulus precedes the behavior while in operant the consequence comes after the behavior Shaping involves immediate behaviors that start moving closer and closer to a goal behavior (successively reinforce behaviors that approximate the target behavior) Extinction is when the CS is presented without the US enough where the CS no longer elicits the response Operant Conditioning: Schedules of Reinforcement: Partial reinforcement schedules are those situations where a behavior is reinforced only some of the time Slot machines operate under a variable-ratio schedule, this is why it is difficult to walk away from a slot machine because it is random but every trial leads you closer to winning - - Operant Conditioning: Innate vs. Learned Behaviors: Innate behaviors are instincts, they are performed correctly the first time basically Simple includes reflexes, taxis (purposeful movement towards/away from a stimulus), and kinesis (random movement, i.e. if you turn a light on in a room of rats, they will scurry in random directions Complex includes fixed action patterns (mating dances), migration (birds flying south for the winter), and circadian rhythms (biological clock and regulates wake/sleep cycle) Learned behaviors are behaviors learned through experience Habituation is the decrease or end of a response to a stimulus Classical/operant conditioning Insight learning is a mental process marked by the sudden solution to a problem, “aha” moment → i.e. solving a math equation Non Associative Learning: Non-associative learning does NOT contain any reinforcement or punishment (two forms are known as Habituation and Sensitization) - Reciprocal Determinism: Social cognitive theory view behaviors as being influenced between the interaction between people’s traits/cognitions and their social context Reciprocal determinism refers to behavior, cognition, and environment’s ability to lead to one another in any direction Developed by Albert Bandura (Bobo doll experiment guy → major observational learning) Self Control: Self control refers to our ability to control our impulses and delay gratification Desires can lead to temptations (which is when the desire conflicts with our values or long term goals) People who demonstrate higher levels of self control have better grades, lower levels of depression, drug use, relationship problems, etc. Overall they just live happier lives Ego depletion refers to the idea that self-control or willpower draws upon a limited pool of mental resources that can be used up. When the energy for mental activity is low, self-control is typically impaired, which would be considered a state of ego depletion (need to rest up before you can restore ego levels for more self-control) Extra Notes: Planned behavior control refers to a person’s ability to carry out intentions to perform a certain behavior