Artificial Intellegence in Indonesia from Several Perspective Presented by: Firdausi Firdaus, SH, LLM, PHD CANDIDATE (ICT LAW) Date: June 2, 2022 AI From Economic Perspective - Al has large potential to contribute to global economic activity as Al is not a single technology but a family of technologies (computer vision, natural language, virtual assistants, robotic process automation, and advanced machine learning) thanks to the improvements in computing power and capacity, explosion of data, progress in algorithms. - The pattern of adoption and full absorption may be relatively rapid-at the high end of what has been observed with other technologies. Al could potentially deliver additional global economic activity of around $13 trillion globally by 2030, or about 16 percent higher cumulative GDP compared with today (2018). The limitation of Al might be caused by lack training data, inadequate data sets, risk of bias. - The economic impact may emerge gradually and be visible only over time, although covid has speed up the use and the development of Al significantly - A key challenge is that adoption of Al could widen gaps between countries, companies, and workers. It is possible that digital divide getting worse. 1. Countries may need different strategies and responses because Al adoption levels vary. 2. Companies Al technologies could lead to a performance gap between front- runners on one side and slow adopters and non-adopters on the other. 3. Workers → A widening gap may also unfold at the level of individual workers. Demand for jobs could shift away from repetitive tasks toward those that are socially and cognitively driven and others that involve activities that are hard to automate and require more digital skills. Job profiles characterized by repetitive tasks and activities that require low digital skills may experience the largest decline as a share of total employment, from some 40 percent to near 30 percent by 2030. - Gaps may be widening among firms, workers, and countries, but measures can be taken to manage the transition and steer economies toward higher productivity and job growth. The disruption that comes with Al may lead to some firms leaving the market and some workers losing jobs. There will be major challenges for individuals transitioning to new jobs. - However, if they are given the support they need to develop and refresh their skills (providing adequate education by utilizing Al) and return to the labor market, then resources can be redeployed to more productive parts of the economy. - The economic impact of Al is likely to be large, comparing well with other general-purpose technology in history. However, the productivity dividend of Al probably will not materialize immediately. - This research finds that Al's impact is likely to build up at an accelerated pace over time, and therefore the benefits of initial investment may not be visible in the short term. - At the same time, there is a risk that a widening Al divide could open up between those who move quickly to embrace these technologies and those who do not adopt them, and also between workers who have the skills that match demand in the Al era and those who do not. - The benefits of Al are likely to be distributed unequally, and if the development and deployment of these technologies are not handled effectively, inequality could deepen, fueling possible conflicts within societies. - Patience and long-term strategic thinking will be required. - Policy makers will need to show bold leadership to overcome understandable discomfort among citizens about the perceived threat to their jobs as automation takes hold. - Companies need to work with governments on the mammoth task of skilling and reskilling people to work with Al. - Individuals need to adjust to a new world in which job turnover may be more frequent, they may have to transition to new types of employment, and they are likely to need to continually refresh and update their skills to match the needs of a dynamically changing jobs market. - From Indonesia context, Despite being the South East Asia largest economy, we still have many homework, so it is hope that by utilizing Al fully, Indonesia can overcome their classic issue in particular the wealth distribution gap, slower economic growth, pressure on the state budget, a widening deficit, plunging currency, lack of competitiveness. - With the trend of digital economy and big market in Indonesia, we are hoping that the use of Al technology (Al Start up) can flourish the digital economy including having more and more decacorn like "GOTO" and thousands of unicorns likes OVO, Traveloka, J&T Express, Buka Lapak. - Currently we also already have some Al startups such as: Snapcart, Kata.ai, Bjtech, Sonar, Nodeflux, Bahasa.ai, Prosa.ai, Dattabot, Eureka.ai, AiSensum, AI Startups In Indonesia Name Snapcart Kata.ai BJtech Sonar Platform Nodeflux Application Smart receipts Conversational Al Conversational Al Social Media Monitoring Computing City Jakarta Jakarta Jakarta Jakarta Funding (USD Millions) 14.7 3.5 1.2 0.15 Jakarta N/A Name Bahasa.ai Prosai.ai Dattabot Eureka.ai AiSensum Deligence.ai Application Platform Conversational Al Conversational Al General Big Data Telcom Big Data Robotic Process Automation General Al City Funding (USD Millions) Jakarta Jakarta Jakarta Jakarta Jakarta N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jakarta N/A AI From Sociology Perspective - Sociologists are contributing to the study of Al development and use, but more engagement is needed. - The private and public investment in Al sociotechnical systems means that many more systems will be developed and integrated into organizations and societies in the coming years. - Research investment aims to bring Al technologies to criminal justice, education, health care, social services, urban planning, and other areas of social life. - Technical Al is discussed in the form of Al's impact on work, employment, military, autonomous (e.g. autonomous weapon, facial recognition) - • Cultural Al category is less concerned with specific Al artefacts or research activities. Instead, it: a. Views Al development as a social phenomenon; b. Takes this phenomenon as its object of study; and c. Analyses its interactions with the wider social, cultural, economic and political conditions in which it occurs and by which it is affected. - One of the very big concerns from the deployment of Al is inequalities (e.g. employment, criminalization). - Inequalities in Al is because the bias, and the lack of fairness, transparency, and accountability. - In technical part, data collection has failed to address inequalities, while data science has failed to capture the interactional of difference, the language bias caused by the quantity and quality of data which cannot cover the whole reality of social world. Data biased- unequal truth of society encoded and reproduced in algorithms based on machine learning. - • Even before the trend of Al, the world already struggles to combat inequalities which ironically caused by the internet (e.g. digital divide, certain penetration culture, social exclusion, etc.) - Sociologists have an ability to identify how inequalities are embedded in all aspects of society and to point toward avenues for structural social change. - Therefore, sociologists should play a leading role in the imagining and shaping of Al futures. - However, different people have different perceptions about artificial intelligence (AI), therefore the 'fruitful collaboration' that sociology and Al could develop in both social and technical terms. - Hence, in Indonesia context, by utilizing Al, Indonesia as a country and its fellow citizen can adapt the way their live naturally but without sacrificing their national identity, their good local culture including religion practice, maintaining the beauty of diversity as we refer to our philosophy (BHINEKA TUNGGAL IKA unity in diversity) but also solving issues that haven't been solved like reducing inequalities (e.g. wealth, gender). AI From Psychology Perspective - Psychology and Al actually are closely related disciplines. However, the status quo of how education being managed and professional practice makes them separate and unrelated, but we are in the era of multidisciplinary approach. Comfortable with status quo is big no. - The common axis of Al & psychology is understanding the process that give rise to intelligent behaviors. - In the case of psychology, the study focuses on human beings (mental process), meanwhile in the case of Al, the study focuses on machines& information processing. - Psychology focuses on three main axes such as: cognition, emotion, &behaviors - Al focuses on processing information (analyze, categorize, find the relationship), don't feel but identify emotions, behaviors which is determined by the output algorithms. - Despite Psychology deals with biological organism (e.g. human), Al deals with artificial cognitive systems, both Al and psychology have the same challenge which is adapting to the environment and solving problems efficiently even in situations of uncertainty, ambiguity, and noise. - Based on this analogy between intelligent biological and artificial systems, research in both disciplines is interrelated: 1. Knowledge of the human mind can contribute to the design of more intelligent artificial system. 2. The use of computational models can contribute to research on the functioning of the human mind. - In other words, the use of bio-inspiration in Al implies that the design of some artificial systems is based on the dynamics observed in the human cognitive system or other species. At the same time, hypotheses about how the human mind works can be tested, at least partially, using computational models based on Artificial Intelligence. - • The example of how Al is useful for mental health sector: 1. Infrared imaging to recognize temperature changes 2. Facial recognition to confirm a patient's identity 3. Optical sensing to analyze facial expression and eye blinking 4. Vocal analysis to perceive subtle differences in speech characteristics 5. Olfaction (smell) analysis to identify intoxication 6. E-therapy sessions 7. Assessment autonomously 8. Assistant for the human practitioners (before, during, after) - Thus, hopefully that the presence of Al will make human understand more about themselves and other people so that the world can be better place for everyone in the long term, while in the short term the development and the use of Al can reduce mental illness in Indonesia to some extent. AI From Religion Perspective - Like the development of the Internet, Artificial Intelligence is developed deeply and predominantly in secular environment, therefore as Al goes global and becoming integral part of human lives, Al should also be developed accommodating different culture and ideology. - Once again, the development of technology has challenged the survival of religion practice, but it is part of human job to overcome or at least mitigate the issue which caused by the deployment of Al in our lives. It's easier said than done of course. - As the biggest Islam majority country in the world (over 200 million Muslim), Indonesia needs to set good example on how Al should be developed without compromising the Islamic principles, Islamic way of lives because life in this world is only temporary, not the ultimate one (after life). - Given the life in this world is to worship God/ibadah (collect good deeds as many as we can with pure intention and to receive bless and approved by God hopefully), then whatever we do in this life ideally should be in Islamic way. - Indonesian should not be trapped into developing Al like on what has been done by other countries, because despite Indonesia is looks like democracy secular country by system (we are not implementing sharia law/Islamic law except in Aceh Special Province), in reality we still very much determining many things if not everything according to religion compass which include Indonesia national Ideology (Pancasila) as its proved by the first principle "Belief in God". It is also proved by the presence of Ministry of Religion who accommodate the needs of 6 officials’ religions in Indonesia (Islam, Protestant Christianity, Roman Catholic Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism). - Islam which based on Holy Quran (Al-Quran) and Al-Hadith should be the foundation to determine what is allowed/permissible(halal) or forbidden (haram).