Legal Regulation Of Symbols Of Power Of Croatia From Mid Of The 19th Century Το 1990 Presented by: Prof. Čepulo Date: 4 September 2024 Territorial Framework And Historical Antecedents - Croatian Kingdom = Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae, 11 c Croatia&Slavonia (periphery) + Dalmatia • Arpad Kings: Dalmatiae et Chroatiae (Sclavoniae) - single area of King's rule + three local governments • Angevins, 14-15 c.: Regnum Croatiae; Regnum Dalmatiae; Regnum Sclavoniae → particularization • - M. Habsburg: coat of arms of Croatia (1495) + W. Jagiello II, Slavonia (1496+) Reintegration, 16 c. Ottoman conquest → territorial reduction & administrative integration: single Diet & single ban • Official title: 'kingdoms ('Kingdom') of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia' • Natio Croatica (aristocracy) = 'political nation'  (Nb. Croatian-Slavonian Diet, 1802 etc. reintegration of Dalmatia (Habsburgs) • Coat of arms (not official) → arranged in line (16 c.) unified (1624) • Name and symbols of the land 19th century nation-building Croatian Symbols Of Power In The 19th Century - Illyrian Party 'Illyrian' coat of arms + traditional (aristocratic) coat of arms of Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia • via facti 'official' coat of arms of the land & nation-1848 etc. inconsistent displays - Kingdoms of Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia → un-official: 'The Triune Kingdom', 'Croatia' Regulation 1848-1918 - Failed Draft of the Constitution, 1848 + March Constitution & absolutism, provisory constitution, 1862-1867 - Croatian-Hungarian Settlement 1868 - laconic regulation description ('coat of arms of the kingdoms of D, C, S with crown of St. Stephen above') → no bylaws! - 'plausible' - importance? - Ban Mažuranić's Home Government's decrees 1876 legal lacunas! - Decree: description, standardization (nation-building) • in practice: inefficient - order of the coat of arms, number of color of initial field etc. - Home Government's decree 1914 Croatian-Hungarian Settlement, decree 1876: mandatory use of red-white-blue flag with the coat of arms of the kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia in the middle, and the crown of St. Stephen above ( decree 1876) - free use of the flag in a proper manner, no sanctions - Gradual prevalence of the 'checkered' coat of arms in political practice (in practice: both coat of arms) → other lands: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dalmatia, overseas countries: single symbol, simple, legitimation • - De facto all-Croatian national symbol official symbol of power Symbol of land national symbol Anthem - A. Mihanović: 'Croatian Homeland', 1835 + melody, 1846: Josif Runjanin (?) → 'Our Beautiful Homeland' popularized in 1862 initiative, 1907: official anthem (≠) - Textual changes (public disposal), 1862: - Original text: the Sava and the Danube speak to the world about the Croats' love for their homeland - change: + 'the Drava' (delimitation with Hungary) + 'Croat loves his people' ( 'homeland') → land the nation Croatian symbols in the Yugoslav Kingdom - Corfu Declaration, 1917: 'three-named' Serbian-Croatian-Slovene nation with a common language → single coat of arms, single flag, single crown - composed of the existing symbols but also granting equality of individual Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian flags and coat of arms and their free use - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 1918 - Serbian dominance → Serbian traditions and model of government - Coat of arms of the new state: shield of 'traditional' Serbian coat of arms + shields of three 'tribes' - Anthem: not defined official practice: three-parted solemn song (←'Our Beautiful Homeland') - Chequered' coat of arms = official all-Croatian 'tribal' symbol → standardized: 25 fields, initial red field • NB. Ministry of Interior scandal, 1918: 'chequered' shield + stylized white cross revolt 'classic' solution - Shift in the Croatian symbolic representation - coat of arms of the Triune Kingdom: symbol of the land & nation → 'chequered' coat of arms → single, exclusive, allCroatian national symbol (→ territory) - in practice: only by the Croatian political parties and societies (+ tricolor flag), free use till 1929 - Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1929: official integralist-unitary ideology 'Yugoslav nation' - Constitution 1931: omitted 'ethnic' adjectives of individual coats of arms + ban of all associations and political parties formed on religious, 'tribal' and regional basis - → 'Croatian question' Agreement: Yugoslav Government and Croatian Peasant Party Banate of Croatia, 1939-1941 - autonomy (Diet, Home Government, Supreme Court) - Ban's Cabinet decree, 1940: great and small seal - wickerwork pattern: administrative use symbol - flag - not regulated not standardized in practice: the tricolor + coat of arms Independent State of Croatia - Nazi-fascist modelled, totalitarian, the Head (the Leader), 10 April 1941 - 28 April 1941: Legal Decree on the State Coat of Arms, State Flag, the Leader's Flag, State Seal, Seals of the State's and Autonomous Offices - detailed, illustrations other emblems + additional regulation: non-Aryans and Jews - Elements: 'chequered' coat of arms + Ustaša symbol (U) + wickerwork pattern • NB: Yugoslav = NDH official symbols (≠ red vs. white initial field) = 'national' symbol • ≠ exclusive nature of the Croatian state & declared ethnic territory (Bosnia and Herzegovina & Muslims) • ≠ Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes: ethnicity ('tribal' affiliation) + territory - national anthem - not provided but 'Our Beautiful Homeland': mandatory text & tune - emendations: 'the river Drina' + 'deep blue sea' borders Yugoslav federation and Croatian state symbols - Partisan resistance movement vs. occupiers and fascism + crypto political and social revolution multinational federation: right to self-determination, including right to secession: Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins - Yugoslav federation - five 'national' republics + Bosnia and Herzegovina - Constitution of the FR of Croatia 1947 = Constitution of the S R of Croatia 1963 1974 - national anthem - in practice: 'Our Beautiful Homeland' • 1972-ammendment to the Croatian Constitution: republican anthem only in Yugoslavia - practice in Croatia (≈ Yugoslavia): Croatian flag + Yugoslav flag + flag of the Communist Party - display of the Croatian flag and coat of arms - not well accepted yet not incriminated by itself: 'provocation and insult against moral and patriotic feelings of citizens' (9030-60 days in prison) - 1977: display of republican flag or coat of arms without prescribed features (30 days) - tolerance since 1966- inconsistence in practice depending upon political determinations (1971, 1980s) - yet, elements of national symbolism in cultural and sport societies, trade goods etc. tolerated → use of symbols in the non-official political context de facto not tolerated ≠ use in culture, sport etc. context - tolerated (= 'safety vault') State symbols of the Republic of Croatia 1990 - multi-party elections in Croatia April 1990 → multi-party Parliament May 1990 - → constitutional amendments - July 25: removal of ideological content + new state symbols (provisional) - → Law on the Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem of the Republic of Croatia and on the Flag and Sash of the President of the Republic of Croatia, 21 December 1990: historical Croatian coat of arms, 25 fields, initial red field + 'crown' of Croatian historical regions and the oldest known Croatian coat of arms - national anthem: verses and the tune! + 'deep blue sea' → territorial delimitations Conclusion - modern Croatian symbols of power symbols of medieval regna → flag → official symbols - via facti + regulation - ‘checkered' coat od arms - all-Croatian symbol + symbol of nation-state in making - 'checkered' coat of arms - a) shift: symbol of land symbol of the 'tribe' - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 1918 - b) symbol of the Banate of Croatia Croatian Peasant Party → national symbol and symbol of proto-nation- - state - c) Independent State of Croatia: symbol of exclusive nation-state + ethnic & historical territory - d) Croatia (communist federation): symbol of state sovereignty & nation - since 1918 'checkered' coat of arms & tricolor flag: definite and exclusive national symbol - 'neutral' - national anthem (mid of 19th c.): land nation (nation-state) - → state symbols of the Republic of Croatia 1990