Switching to Command-Line Terminal in Linux Answer Key

Project 2-3 1. After your Linux system has been loaded, you are placed at a graphical terminal (tty1). Instead of logging in to this graphical terminal, press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to switch to a command-line terminal (tty2) and then log in to the terminal using the user name root and the password secret. Which prompt did you receive and why? I received another prompt which indicate I have login with the name root ([root@server1 ~ ]#). Why because I have not login with GUI but rather the command-line. 2. At the command prompt, type date and press Enter to view the current date and time. Now type Date and press Enter. Why did you receive an error message? Can you tell which shell gave you the error message? Because linux is case sensitive. 3. Switch to a different command-line terminal (tty5) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F5 and log in to the terminal using the user name user1 and the password secret. Which prompt did you receive and why? ( [user1@server1~]$) I don’t why but instead of the last letter being “#” this time it changed to “$” and when I entered the date it display sorrectly. 4. At the command prompt, type who and press Enter to view the users logged in to the system. Who is logged in and on which terminal? Who Terminal Root tty2 User1 tty5 5. Switch back to the terminal tty2 by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2. Did you need to log in? No. Are the outputs from the date and Date commands still visible? Yes 6. Try typing in each command listed in Table 2-7 in order (pressing Enter after each) and observe the output. What did the last command (exit) do? It logout root user on terminal tty2 7. Switch to the terminal tty5 by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F5 and type exit to log out of your shell. Project 2-4 In this hands-on project, you log in to a graphical terminal in Fedora Linux and interact with the GNOME and KDE desktops. 1. Switch to the graphical terminal (tty1) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F1, click sample user one, supply the password secret, and press Enter. Which desktop is started and why? The sample user one desktop because that is the administrator account. 2. Observe the GNOME desktop. Use your mouse to select the Applications menu in the upper-left corner of your screen, select System Tools, and then select Terminal to open a BASH shell prompt. What prompt do you receive and why? I received [user1@server1 ~]$ prompt. 3. At the command prompt, type who and press Enter to view the users logged in to the system. Note that tty1 is listed as running on port 0 (:0) and your Terminal application is running as a pseudo terminal session (pts/0) within your GUI environment. 4. Select the System menu, select Log Out user1, and then click Log Out to confirm the action. 2 5. At the graphical login screen, click sample user one and then choose KDE from the Sessions selection box at the bottom of the screen. Next, supply the password secret and press Enter to log in to the KDE desktop. I did not see any KDE. Is it because I was using vmware? 6. Observe the KDE desktop. Select the Fedora icon in the lower-left section of your screen and navigate to Applications, System, Terminal to open a BASH shell prompt. What prompt do you receive and why? 7. At the command prompt, type echo $SHELL and press Enter to view your current shell. Is this shell the same shell used for command-line terminals? 8. Click the Fedora icon again. From this menu, select Leave and then Logout. Click Logout to confirm the action. Project 2-5 In this hands-on project, you use and protect shell metacharacters. 1. Switch to a command-line terminal (tty2) by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F2 and log in to the terminal using the user name root and the password secret. 2. At the command prompt, type date;who and press Enter to run the date command immediately followed by the who command. Use the information in Table 2-8 to describe the purpose of the ; metacharacter. 3. At the command prompt, type echo This is OK and press Enter to display a message on the terminal screen. 4. At the command prompt, type echo Don’t do this and press Enter. Which character needs to be protected in the previous command? Press the Ctrl and c keys together to cancel your command and return to a BASH shell prompt. 5. At the command prompt, type echo “Don’t do this” and press Enter. What is displayed on the terminal screen? Output direction 6. At the command prompt, type echo Don\’t do this and press Enter. What is displayed on the terminal screen? Don’t do this. 7. At the command prompt, type echo $SHELL and press Enter to view the expansion of a variable using a shell metacharacter. What is displayed on the terminal screen? /bin/bash Next, type echo $TEST and press Enter to find out what happens when a variable that does not exist is used in a command. What is displayed? Nothing was displayed. 8. At the command prompt, type echo You have $4.50 and press Enter. What is displayed? .50 Why because of preceding dollar sign 4 was seen as a variable? Which character needs to be protected in the previous command? 4 What are two different ways that you can protect this character from interpretation by the shell? One is by putting the characters in quote and two to avoid the use metercharater when typing commands. 9. At the command prompt, type echo ‘You have $4.50’ and press Enter. What is displayed on the terminal screen? You have $4.50 .Did the single quotation marks protect this metacharacter from shell interpretation? Yes 10. At the command prompt, type echo “You have $4.50” and press Enter. What is displayed on the terminal screen? You have .50 Did the double quotation marks protect this metacharacter from shell interpretation? No 11. At the command prompt, type echo You have \$4.50 and press Enter. What is displayed on the terminal screen?You have $4.50 Did the backslash protect this metacharacter from shell interpretation? Yes 12. At the command prompt, type echo My name is ‘whoami‘ and press Enter. What function do back quotes perform? Nothing. 13. Type exit and press Enter to log out of your shell. Project 2-6 In this hands-on project, you find information about commands using online help utilities, and you log out of your shell. 1. Press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to switch to a command-line terminal (tty2), and then log in to the terminal using the user name root and the password secret. 2. At the command prompt, type man –k cron and press Enter to view a list of manual pages that have the word “cron” in the name or description. Use Table 2-9 to determine what type of manual pages is displayed. How many manual pages are there for the crontab command? 2. Are they different types of manual pages? Yes If you do not see any output from the man –k command, run the makewhatis command to index the manual pages. 3. At the command prompt, type man crontab and press Enter to view the manual page for the crontab command. Observe the syntax of the crontab command and press q when finished to quit the manual page and return to your command prompt. 4. At the command prompt, type man 5 crontab and press Enter to view the manual page for the crontab file format. Observe the syntax of the crontab file format and press q when finished to quit the manual page and return to your command prompt. 5. At the command prompt, type info and press Enter to view a list of available GNU info pages. When finished, press q to quit the info utility. 6. At the command prompt, type info date and press Enter to view syntax information regarding the date command, and press q to quit the info utility when finished. 7. At the command prompt, type help to view a list of BASH shell functions that have documentation. Because the list is too long for your terminal, press the Shift and Page Up keys simultaneously to shift one page up to view the top of the list. Then press the Shift and Page Down keys simultaneously to shift one page down to view your command prompt again. 8. At the command prompt, type help exit to view information on the exit command, a function of your BASH shell. 9. Type exit and press Enter to log out of your shell. Project 2-7 In this hands-on project, you finalize your Linux installation by configuring your network interface and disabling your firewall and SELinux configuration. (You will learn more about configuring Firewalls and SELinux in Chapter 15.) Finally, you will properly shut down your Linux system. 1. Log in to the GNOME desktop as sample user one. 2. Open the System menu and navigate to Administration, Network and supply the root user password of secret when prompted. Next, use the Network utility to configure the network interface on your system to obtain Internet access. The configuration parameters to gain Internet access on your campus network will be provided by your instructor. Close the Network Configuration utility when finished. 3. Open the System menu again and navigate to Administration, Firewall. Supply the root user password of secret if prompted. Click Disable, click Apply, and then click Yes to disable your firewall. Close the Firewall Configuration utility when finished. 4. Open the System menu again and navigate to Administration, SELinux Management. Supply the root user password of secret if prompted. Change the System Default Enforcing Mode to Disabled and close the SELinux Administration utility. 5. Press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to switch to a command-line terminal (tty2), and then log in to the terminal using the user name root and the password secret. 6. At the command prompt, type shutdown –h now to halt your system immediately. Which commands from Table 2-10 perform the same function as shutdown –h now? Halt.