Psychology did not Became a Topic of Scientific Research Until the Mid-1800’s Exam Answer Key

Exam 1 1. Psychology did not bocame a topic of scientific research until the mid-1800’s primarily because A. dominant religions forbade research on the mind. B. individual differences were considered too great to overcome. *C. psychology was considered an impossible science. D. people didn’t really study any scientific area (biology, geology, etc.) scientifically until that time. 2. Who was the American psychologist from the late 1800’s that was credited for many of our early explorations of the various topics that could be studied in the field—which was the primary goal of his “Principles of Psychology” textbook? A. Sigmund Freud B. Wilhelm Wundt *C. William James D. Edward Tolman 3. Liza encounters a friend who is crying on campus. As a friend and researcher, Liza wants to determine what her friend is thinking, how she is feeling, and what motivated her decision to cry on campus. This multifaceted approach to the situation would suggest that Liza believes in the __________ when explaining human behavior. A. reductionist approach *B. trilogy of the mind C. doctrine of mentalism D. push to treat psychology as a behavioral science 4. The myelin sheath found on neurons comes from A. fat that the neurons produce internally. *B. glia cells. C. neurons that die off. D. red blood cells that have become deoxygenated. 5. A neuron becomes depolarized A. before it becomes active—this is how it decides to activate. B. when it comes in contact with an interneuron. C. after it dies or can no longer can produce any more neurotransmitters. *D. after it has committed the action potential. 6. The lobe of the brain often linked to movement and thinking is the _________ lobe. *A. frontal B. parietal C. temporal D. occipital 7. PET scans, fMRIs, and CT scans are all different types of _____________ that help researchers better understand the brain. A. stimulation techniques B. psychophysiology measures *C. brain imaging techniques D. modularity approaches 8. __________ are the chemicals used by neurons in synapses when they communicate with each other. A. Acetones B. Ions C. Peptides *D. Neurotransmitters 9. Someone who is in a persistent vegetative state is likely struggling with damage to sections of the brain found in the A. the forebrain. B. the occipital lobe. C. the cerebellum. *D. the brain stem. 10. The primary somatosensory cortex is a ______ found on the _______ lobe. A. gyrus; temporal B. sulcus; temporal *C. gyrus; parietal D. sulcus; parietal 11. The ________ is the lobe of the brain most often linked to visual processing. A. thalamus *B. occipital lobe C. temporal lobe D. cerebellum 12. Your brain has folds in them as a byproduct of _______________ as you develop into adulthood. *A. the need for increased surface area as your neurons create more connections B. neurons dying off C. a lack of blood-flow to different regions of the brain D. the shrinking of your skull 13. The corpus callosum connects our __________ to each other. A. lobes B. brain stem and cerebellum C. sulci and gyri *D. hemispheres 14. Language processing usually occurs in areas found along the __________ of the brain. A. front B. back *C. left hemisphere D. right hemisphere 15. The plasticity of our brain allows for A. neurogenesis. *B. recovery of function. C. specialization of function. D. lateralization of the hemispheres. 16. To calculate out an individual Z-score of a person based on a distribution of scores, we must have _____________ in addition to the individual’s score. *A. the mean and standard deviation of the group B. the original score of that person C. the t-score of the distribution D. the correlation coefficient of the data 17. In research, the ____________ is the variable being manipulated in order to see if changes in it impacts another variable. A. confounding variable B. dependent variable *C. independent variable. D. construct. 18. A negative correlation between variables indicates that A. there is no relationship between the variables. B. one variable DID have a causal impact on the other one. *C. as levels of one variable increases in individuals, paired levels of the other variable decrease. D. there was no visible relationship between the variables, but statistical results showed that they were actually related. 19. The instinct of imprinting has primarily been found in A. rodents. *B. birds. C. humans. D. reptiles. 20. The thing required for all reflexes to occur is *A. an activating stimulus. B. learning. C. conscious thought. D. stem cells. 21. Why is learning a critical ability for most species that already have instincts, taxis, and reflexes? A. It is how those responses occur. *B. Sometimes these responses aren’t enough to ensure survival. C. These must adapt over time so offspring can survive. D. Actually, learning isn’t needed for species that have these responses. 22. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when A. a behavior is punished. B. a behavior is no longer reinforced. *C. the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus. D. a neutral stimulus is introduced. 23. Extinction occurs in operant (instrumental) conditioning when A. a behavior is punished. *B. a behavior is no longer reinforced or punished. C. the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus. D. a neutral stimulus is introduced. 24. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect is considered the precursor to the concept of *A. operant (instrumental) conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. delayed conditioning. D. simultaneous conditioning. 25. The preparedness principle of learning suggests that ____________ can impact learning speed in certain situations. *A. the evolution of a species B. previous exposures C. sensitivity to stimuli D. intelligence levels 26. Backwards conditioning in classical conditioning is different from the traditional approach in that A. the neutral stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus. *B. the neutral stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus. C. the unconditioned stimulus follows the unconditioned response. D. no unconditioned response is evoked. 27. Latent learning was first detected by Edward Tolman when he worked with A. Rhesus monkeys interacting with each other. *B. rats learning to run a maze. C. children interacting with teachers. D. pigeons learning to navigate through a field. 28. Albert Bandura used a “Bobo Doll” in his research on ________ in __________. A. classical conditioning of fear; pigeons *. vicarious learning of aggression; children C. aversion conditioning; Rhesus monkeys D. learned helplessness; dogs 29. As a rule, behaviorists are LEAST likely to study which of the following? A. animal learning B. simple explanations *C. the distinction between conscious and unconscious thought D. classical conditioning 30. Negative reinforcement is a procedure that causes a response to be A. weakened because it leads to the omission of a favorable stimulus. *B. strengthened because it removes an unfavorable stimulus. C. weakened because it leads to an unfavorable stimulus. D. weakened because it is followed by nothing. 31. The sensory cells used for hearing are located within the *A. cochlea. B. ear canal. C. thalamus. D. ossicles. 32. Proprioception is categorized as a form of _________. It is experienced through sensory cells found _______. A. hearing; inner ear B. vision; epidermis of the skin C. taste; nose *D. touch; internal organs 33. All of our senses are “experienced” because of activity in the A. sensory tract. B. sensory organ. C. spinal cord. *D. brain. 34. Research suggests that most of us have ____ types of cones that allow us to see the visible light spectrum. *A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 9 35. Several Jasper Johns paintings—his most famous one depicting an oddly colored American flag— highlight the A. color constancy effect of perception. B. dynamic systems theory of color perception. *C. opponent-process theory of color vision. D. the importance of attention in feature detection. 36. At the point where the optic nerve exits from the retina, we perceive A. shades of reds, and greens more than yellows and blues. B. shades of yellows and blues more than reds and greens. C. only shades of black and white. *D. nothing (blindness). 37. In the human ear, the ability to perceive high frequencies (above 5000 Hz) depends on neurons working according to the __________ principle. *A. place B. serve C. volley D. frequency 38. What is meant by subliminal perception? *A. responding behaviorally to a stimulus you don’t consciously perceive B. having a sensation unlike the stimulus, such as perceiving Tuesday as green C. receiving information without the use of any sense organ D. intuitively understanding what someone else must be feeling at the moment 39. Suppose you see a face subliminally. Which of these effects has been shown to occur? A. You can draw that face, although you say you don’t recognize it. B. If you meet that person, you have an immediate, unexplained dislike. *C. If you see another face, you identify the sex faster if it matched the first face. D. You will dream about someone with that face. 40. What is the slogan of Gestalt psychology? A. Every action has a reaction. *B. The whole is different from the sum of its parts. C. Monkey see, monkey do. D. Mind over matter. 41. Which of the following is an example of motion parallax? A. You feel tension in your eye muscles when you focus on a nearby object. *B. As you travel in a car, nearby objects pass by faster than distant objects do. C. An illuminated point in an otherwise dark room appears to move. D. Even a slowly moving object quickly captures most people’s attention. 42. What is meant by “the moon illusion”? A. Incorrectly perceiving movement on a moonlit night. *B. Seeing the horizon moon as larger than the overhead moon. C. Perceiving faces on the surface of the moon when you look at a full moon. D. Seeing the moon move in one direction when clouds are actually moving in the other. 43. Experimenters Hubel and Wiesel found that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys respond vigorously only when light falls on their retina in a particular shape and in a particular location. Therefore those cells act as A. photopigments. *B. feature detectors. C. opponent processes. D. ganglion cells. 44. According to the gate theory of pain, A. each successive experience of pain is more intense than the last one. *B. messages from the brain to the spinal cord can decrease the sensation of pain. C. the experience of pain depends on stimulation of hair cells. D. a given neuron can signal pain, touch, or olfaction at different times. 45. A magician has two people concealed in a long wooden box, one whose head and arms stick out of the box, and the other whose legs stick out. When the magician saws between the two people the audience thinks the magician is sawing one person in half. This trick is based primarily on the Gestalt principle of A. proximity. B. similarity. C. figure and ground. *D. closure. 46. Which expression refers to the idea of using experience and expectations to guide vision? A. inside-out B. forward-backward C. bottom-up *D. top-down 47. One explanation for many optical illusions is that people A. ignore information that suggests three dimensions. B. have more feature detectors sensitive to vertical lines than to horizontal lines. *C. misjudge sizes because they misjudge distances as a result of other cues. D. make more vertical eye movements than horizontal movements. 48. Which of these refers to the idea that every event, including our behavior, has a cause? *A. determinism B. parsimony C. synesthesia D. replicability 49. You were stung by a bee and now you fear certain other insects. Based on learning theories, you are displaying A. spontaneous recovery. B. discrimination. *C. stimulus generalization. D. successive approximation. 50. In signal detection theory, a “miss” occurs when a A. signal is detected when it is not there. *B. signal is not detected when it is there. C. conservative bias forces someone to detect too many stimuli. D. liberal bias forces someone to not detect stimuli.