University:
University of California, Berkeley
Course:
PSYCH | Psychology
Academic year:

2019
Views:

238

Pages:

11
Author:

Clint W.

Snake Fear in Rhesus Monkeys Prior to Vicarious Exposure Time Spent With Object (secs) Mineka et al. (1984) 250 200 Snake 150 Parents Offspring 100 50 0 Real Toy Model Object Neutral Snake Fear in Rhesus Monkeys After Vicarious Exposure Time Spent With Object (secs) Mineka et al. (1984) 250 200 150 Parents 100 Offspring Snake 50 0 Real Toy Model Object Neutral Variants on Observational Learning • Unrelated Adult as Model • Immunization through Extensive Prior Exposure to Snakes • Snake vs. Flower – Mirrors, Video to Control Exposure – Model Sees Snake – Observer Sees Snake or Flower Examples of Observational Learning by Animals in the Wild • • • • Chickadees and Milk Bottles Red Squirrels and Hickory Nuts Israeli Roof Rats and Pine Cones Chimpanzees and Panda Nuts Scientific American The “Bobo Doll” Experiment Bandura et al. (1961) • Nursery-School Children • Adult Model – Aggressive – Non-Aggressive – Control • Aggression During Free Play – Imitative: Physical and Verbal – Punching, Hitting with Mallet – Nonimitative Aggresion, Gun-Play Aggression Scores Model Aggressive Non-Aggressive 18 Aggression Score 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Physical Verbal Aggression Category Other Observational Learning and Language Acquisition • Native or Secondary Language • Exposure to Language – Aural or Gestural – Critical Period before Puberty • Detect Sounds of Language – Separate into Words • Recognize Words • Grammatical Rules • Prosody, Nonverbal Communication Statistical Learning by Infants Saffran, Aslin, & Newport (1996) • Stimulus Materials • Test Items, Exp. 1 – Tupiro Golabu Dapiku Tilado • Test Items, Exp. 2 – Tupiro Golabu Tibida Kupado Listening Time (secs) – Tupiro Golabu Bidaku Padoti Familiar Novel 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 Experiment Social Learning Theory Miller & Dollard (1941) • Imitation as Acquired (Secondary) Drive – Necessary Component of Socialization • Conformity • Discipline • Two Forms of Imitation – Matched-Dependent Behavior • No Awareness of Cues – Copying • Awareness of Cues Cognitive Social Learning Theory Bandura & Walters (1963); Bandura (1977) • Expectations, not Behavior • Learning by Response Consequences – Direct Experience • Trial and Error • Reward and Punishment • Vicarious (Observational) Learning – Example • Modeling, Imitation (Informal) – Precept • Sponsored Teaching (Formal) Social Learning and Culture • Culture: Customary Beliefs, Social Forms, and Material Traits of a Racial, Ethnic, or Social group – Transmitted through Informal Learning and Formal Training from One Generation to the Next • Observational Learning is the Cognitive Basis of Culture and Cultural Transmission • Thinking is the Cognitive Basis of Cultural Evolution Micronesia Project