🌱 week 2-1 lecture: Course 🌱 biosci 94 Confidence Not Confident Last Edited @January 22, 2024 8:13 PM evolution: Hardy Weinberg and nonrandom mating evolution change in heritable traits (and therefore allele frequencies) in a population over time quick review living organisms have DNA a gene is a section of DNA that encodes info that can be transcribed into RNA and translated into a protein many living organisms (such as most animals) are diploid, with two copies of each chromosome humans have 2 copies of each of 22 chromosomes (autosomes) plus 2 sex chromosomes genes come in different versions (alleles) a diploid organism will have two copies of a gene week 2-1 lecture: 1 interpreting: 3 different genotypes are shown for this one gene locus (gene location, specific gene): AA, Aa, and aa switching to allele frequencies in a population population: a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time species: a distinct, identifiable group of populations whose members can interbreed Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium calculation of genotype and allele frequencies of a gene in the ABSENCE of evolutionary change note that there are 4 evolutionary processes natural selection: produces adaptations genetic drift: causes random flucuations in allele frequencies (small populations) gene flow: causes alleles to move from one population to another mutation: introduces new alleles week 2-1 lecture: 2 there are 5 assumptions in hardy-weinberg equilibrium random mating no natural selection no genetic drift no gene flow no mutation if any of these 5 assumptions are violated: no HW equilibrium!!! walk through the mechanics of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium first consider a cross between two parents: now make the transition to the population level: week 2-1 lecture: 3 gene pool which offspring genotypes are likely? AA (p2 ) is a likely offspring genotype, followed by Aa (pq). aa (q2 )is the least likely offspring genotype. it’s calculated by multiplying the allele frequencies by each other for each parent. make sure to add if a genotype appears more than once! (in this case Aa) p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 nonrandom mating causes deviation from HardyWeinberg week 2-1 lecture: 4 week 2-1 lecture: 5

Week 2-1: Hardy Weinberg and Non-random Mating

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