Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Lecture Notes

Chapter 1 Lecture Notes Anatomy - Study of structure - Branches of Anatomy o Embryology o Developmental Biology o Cell biology o Histology o Gross Anatomy o Systematic Anatomy o Regional Anatomy o Surface Anatomy o Imaging Anatomy o Pathological anatomy Physiology - The study of how body parts function - Branches of Physiology o Molecular Phys o Neurophysiology o Endocrinology o Cardiovascular physiology o Immunology o Respiratory Phys o Renal Phys 6 Levels of Structural Organization - Chemical Level o Atoms – Smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions o Molecules- two or more atoms joined together - Cellular Level o Molecules combine to form cells. o Cells – basic structural & functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals - Tissue Level o Tissues – groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. - Organ Level o Different types of tissues are formed together o Organs – structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues - System Level o System – consists of related organs with a common function - Organism Level o Organism- any living individual Systems of the Human Body - Integumentary System o Skin, hair fingernails, toenails, sweat glands o Protects us o Regulates body temp (sweat) - Skeletal System o Joints & cartilages o Supports & Protects body o Aids movement o Reservoirs for minerals throughout the body - Muscular System o skeletal muscle tissue o Movement o Maintains posture o Produces heat o Moves fluids through the body - Nervous System o Spinal Cord, Brain, eyes and ears o Integration o Interprets changes o Generates action potentials - Endocrine System o Glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes o Hormones - Cardiovascular System o Pumps blood o Helps against diseases o Heart, blood vessels - Respiratory System o Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes o Transfers oxygen - Lymphatic System o Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils o Gets rid of waste - Digestive System o Mouth, stomach, intestines, anus o Eliminates Waste o Brings in Nutrients - Urinary System o Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra - o Produces, stores, eliminated waste o Maintains body’s mineral balance Reproductive System o Testes o Reproduce Basic Life Process - Metabolism o Sum products of the chemicals going through your body o Catabolism-breakdown of complex chem. Into simpler components o Anabolism-building up of complex chemical substances frm smaller components - Responsiveness o Body’s ablility to detect & respond to changes - Movement o Motion of the whole body o Coordinated action of leg muscles moving - Growth o Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells. - Differentiation o Take non-specialized cells and turn them into specialized cell - Reproduction o Reproduce & Create new organism Homeostasis - Balance - Body wants to be in equilibrium - Body Fluids o Survival of our body is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid o Extracellular fluid o Body is made up of water Feedback Loop - Stimulus (ex: hot outside) - Control center = brain - Effector o Brings out the change o (sweat glands when hot) Negative Feedback - Opposite response - Core body temp going up = body cools down - Ex: Blood pressure o Normal 120/80 o Stress = blood pressure goes up (stimulus) o 140/80 (controlled condition) o Receptors = blood flowing through artery to brain o Blood goes to the brain (control center) o Effector = blood vessels dilate o Response = blood pressure returns to normal Positive Feedback - Ex: Labor o Opening of the cervix gets sent to brain and brain spreads the cervices more. Watch Anatomical Terminology Major Body Cavities - Crainial Cavity o Contains the brain - Vertebral canal o Vertebral column o Contains spinal cord o Beginnings of spinal nerves - Thoracic Cavity o Chest cavity o Pleural Cavity  Potential space btwn layers of pleura that surrounds lung o Pericardial cavity  Potential space btwn layers of the pericardium that surrounds heart o Mediastinum  Central portion of thoracic cavity btwn lungs  Extends frm sternum to vertebral column  Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels - Abdominopelvic cavity o Abdominal Cavity  Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder  Small intestines, most of large intestines  Serous membrane of abdominal cavity is the peritoneum o Pelvic Cavity  Urinary bladder  Portions of large intestine  Internal organs of reproduction Medical Imaging - Radiography - - - - o Shadowy negative image of internal structures o Visualizing har, bony structures and locating abnormally dense structures like tumors Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) o Produces high contrast images of soft tissues o Maps body’s content of hydrogen o Distinguished body tissues based on their water content to differentiate bten fatty white matter and gret matter of brain o Good at detecting tumors and degenerative diseases o Accurate on heart attacts or strokes Computed Tomography (CT) o Xray photos from differ angles & combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body o Refined version of an xray o Best for evaluating most problems that affect the brain & abdomen Ultrasound Scanning o Inexpensive & safer than the ionizing forms of radiation used n nuclear medicine o Pulses of sound that cause echoes to construct blurry outlines in the organs Coronary computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan