AP Chemistry Molecular Geometry VSEPR Theory - Valence shell electron pair repulsion electron pairs repel; molecules adjust their shapes to minimize repulsions move electron pairs around central atom as far apart as possible see handout VSEPR Terms - - Designation • A = central atom • X = attached atom • E = lone electrons on central atom Electron domains = regions of high electron density Bonding domains • Single, double, triple bond all count the same Nonbonding domains • Can be single or paired electrons Domain geometry • arrangements of electron domains around central atom Molecular Geometry • arrangement of atoms around central atoms VSEPR Table Polar Molecules - Polar molecule: separation of charge such that one end of a molecule is slightly positive and the other end is slightly negative results from polar bonds in molecule if symmetrical, polar bonds may cancel out to give a non-polar molecule Valence Bond Theory: Hybrid Orbitals - Atomic orbitals mix within one atom to produce an equal number of hybrid orbitals • changes orbitals’ shape and direction to maximize overlap/bonding bonds form when these new orbitals overlap with orbitals of attaching atoms especially important in carbon compounds Hybrid Orbitals (cont.) - For every electron domain, one hybrid orbital is formed • # hybrid orbitals = # domains Atomic orbital “palette:” spppdd Hybrid orbitals overlap to form sigma bonds (end to end overlap) Remaining p orbitals can form pi bonds (side to side overlap) • Explains double and triple bonds Hybridization Hybrid Orbitals

Tutorial Materials Molecular Geometry

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