Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity AP Exam Review

Unit 2 T The he Living W Wor or orld: ld: Biodiv Biodiver er ersity sity AP Exam R Re eview Levels of Biodiversity 1) Define Genetic Diversity. variation of genes 2) Define Species Diversity. variation of species 3) Define Ecosystem Diversity. variation of different habitats, communities and ecological processes. 4) Describe how the picture to the left relates to genetic and species diversity. It demonstrates that a specialties has the ability to not survive new obstacles, while a generalist can survive Specialist vs Generalist Species 5) Compare a specialist to a generalist species. Give an example of each type of species. Specialists confined to adaptations within a changing environment: deer Generalistsadapt easily to the environment: panda 6) Is a generalist or specialist more likely to survive in a changing environment? Explain. Generalists, they have the ability to adapt to new surroundings. 7) Match the following: a. b. c. d. e. f. generalist species specialist species invasive species keystone species indicator species endemic Species C Zebra mussel F Galapagos tortoise D American Alligator E Tiger salamander A Norway rat B Giant Panda Species Richness and Relative Abundance 8) Define Species Richness. How is it calculated? the number of distinct species that have persisted in a population as a measure of species diversity 9) Define Relative abundance. How is it calculated? The degree to which cooperative numbers of each species' individuals living in a group are comparable is known as species evenness. 10) What do these two things reveal about an ecosystem? Why? Degree of biodiversity the higher the two the more diverse Ecosystem Services 11) Fill in the chart below on the different types of ecosystem services Service Type Define Give a Real World Example Provisioning Goods that humans use directly food crops fur and rubber Regulating control or maintain The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes water cycles Cultural the behavior must be practiced by multiple members of the community, it must vary between societies, and the potential for that same behavior must exist in other societies. Provide directly to usTourism real estate recreation like skiing and hiking Supporting a collection of processes that are designed to ensure the operational efficiency of a service pollination pest control and water filtration bees for food crops 12) Complete the following table: Ecosystem Component Ecosystem Services honey bee Pollination water cycle Delivers water to food and plants forest lumber bat mosquitos bacteria Breaks down food and waste coral reef Food source and tourism wetland Wildlife habitats and fish Anthropogenic Effects on Ecosystem Services 13) Describe 5 ways that humans have disrupted ecosystem services on earth: a) Deforestation b) Pesticides c) Clearing wetlands d) Bottom trawling e) Overuse of water and draining aquifers Island Biogeography Theory 14) Two islands, different distances from the mainland have different rates of extinction, this is explained by the theory of island biogeography. 15) Describe the trends observed in the image to the right. The majority of migrants will be found on larger, closer islands, followed by larger, further islands, which will have fewer species. 16) Why are island specialists susceptible to extinction? There may be resource competition from invasive species. Ecological Tolerance 17) What is the range of tolerance? How can one determine what it is? We can determine the range of tolerance by looking at physical conditions that must be maintained for populations of a specific species to survive and reproduce/grow. 18) Define the terms in the picture below: a) Zone of Intolerance Regions organisms can’t survive. b) Zone of physiological stress Are able to survive and adapt here while flourishing. c) Zone of optimum State where organisms are put at the most stress. Natural Disruptions 19) What are some examples of natural disruptions to the environment? Volcanoes fires human disruption 20) Compare resistance to resilience in terms of ecosystems. Resistance is the capacity to endure. Resilience is the capacity to recover from setbacks. Plant Adaptations to Fire 21) What biomes need fire for plant germination? Prairie Savanna Chaparral 22) How have plants adapted to fire? Give at least two examples. strong bark to ward off fire, deep roots shielded from fire, lower branches shed to stop fire from rising, and wet, short needles or leaves that are difficult to burn Ecological Succession: Primary vs Secondary 23) Compare and contrast primary to secondary succession. Give examples of each. Primary begins with nothing, while secondary begins with some sort of catastrophe. 24) Define pioneer community. the first biotic community to emerge in a bare area 25) Define a climax community. “endpoint” of succession within the context of a particular climate and geography 26) What type of succession is illustrated above? How can you tell? Species: Indicator and Keystone Species 27) Define a keystone species. Give at least two examples. a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. examples would be bears or wood peckers 28) Define an indicator species. Give at least two examples. a species that indicates what's going on in an ecosystem/singles a change. examples like the monarch butterfly or frog. Sample FRQ’s 29) Biological diversity, or biodiversity, has become a topic of great concern among conservationists. Biodiversity is often used by scientists and policy makers to help determine the health of ecosystems. (a) Describe TWO characteristics shared by ecosystems that have high biodiversity. distinct species, distinct individuals in species. (b) Identify TWO specific human activities that result in a loss of biodiversity, and explain how each activity lowers biodiversity. 1, clearing land for homes or farms, and 2, overfishing for food. (c) For each human activity you discussed in (b), propose a practical strategy (other than simply banning the activity) to reduce the loss of biodiversity. 1) Clearing land for construction - Cluster development 2) Burning of fossil fuels - Carbon tax (d) Describe ONE naturally occurring factor that could lead to a loss of biodiversity. 1) Droughts (e.g., food source may be lost) (e) Describe TWO ecological benefits that greater biodiversity provides. 1) Pollination 2) Control of pest species 30) Read the following article from the Fremont Inquirer and answer the questions that follow. Natural forest fires are prevented by fire control measures, enabling the trees to develop. (a) As mentioned in the article, there are several possible explanations for the increase in mountain pine beetles. (i) Provide one reason why fire-suppression policies lead to increased beetle activity. More mature trees result in more insects eating on the trees since bugs prefer older trees as food (ii) Reduced winter mortality of beetle larvae is likely a consequence of global climate change. Describe TWO ways that the activities of the beetles might enhance climate change. Co2 levels in the atmosphere are one way beetles are influencing the climate. Less photosynthesis will occur when the trees are destroyed, producing more CO2 and less oxygen. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that will raise the planet's temperature. Beetles also have an impact on the planet's UV radiation level. With the trees and their leaves gone, more UV and infrared radiation will be emitted from the ground, raising the earth's temperature. (b) The widespread death of trees leads to a series of changes in a forest ecosystem. Identify TWO physical changes that occur in the forest ecosystem as the result of the death of mature trees. For each physical change you identify, describe an impact of that change on the forest ecosystem. Many species' habitats are lost as a result of the demise of old trees. The forest's biological richness will have a negative impact. More surface runoff will occur without the mature trees, which is another physical change. The aquatic life in the rivers and streams of the forest will be impacted by increased sediment and nutrient discharge (c) As the article states, the number of managed honeybee colonies has dropped significantly over the past few decades. Describe TWO specific economic consequences of the collapse of the managed honeybee colonies. Less honey will be produced, driving up the price of honey on the market as one economic effect of the honey bee population decline. Another financial impact is that fewer crops will be pollinated by honey bees, which would raise the cost of farmer's goods (d) Pollination by native insects is considered an ecosystem service. Identify a different ecosystem service and explain how that service benefits human society. Wetlands serve as a barrier against floods. Wetlands absorb water during times of heavy rain or tidal floods, preventing damage to human infrastructure Modified by A. Willis from David Hong’s AP Environmental Science Review Packets (Diamond Bar HS). FRQ’s are College Board Released. Unit 2 The Living World Biodiversity Review Videos Mr. Andersen, Bozeman Biology Barron’s Review Chapters, 7 Edition Chapter 4: Ecosystems (Pg 91) Chapter 5: Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Pg 145) Chapter 7: Land and Water Use, Forest Fires (Pg 213-213) Unit 2 The Living World: Biodiversity Vocabulary species richness : The number of different species in a community. Relative abundance: The number of how many individuals are present for each species. Ecology: study of living organisms in their nonliving world Biotic factor: living item (ex: bacteria) Abiotic factor: not living item (ex: rock) Ecosystem service: the many and varied benefits to humans gifted by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems. Ecological Hierarchy: species population community ecosystem biome biosphere th Population: a group of individuals of the same species Community: a group of populations interacting together Ecosystem: a group of communities interacting together Biosphere: another name for earth Natural Selection: survival of the fittest Salinity: level of salt in the water Brackish: medium levels of salinity. Often occurs in wetlands where salt and fresh water mix. Gaia hypothesis: organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet Range of Tolerance: range of environmental conditions that are tolerable for survival in a species Ecological footprint: a measure of human impact on Earth's ecosystems. It's typically measured in area of wilderness or amount of natural capital consumed each year. Primary Succession: community change that occurs with new land formation: lichen moss small shrubs small trees large trees climax community Secondary Succession: community change that occurs with land already formed. Bottleneck Effect: cut down of genetic diversity due to loss of individuals in a population. Non-native species: a species that is not known historically in an area. Ex: cane toads in Australia Species diversity: a count of how many species are in an area. Ecotone: a transitional zone between two communities. Ex: intertidal zone. Niche: an organism’s job in a community. Hybrid: the offspring of two different species. Lichen: a symbiotic relationship of a fungus and an algae Germination: sprouting of a seed Competitive Exclusion Principle: species with the same niche in the same area cannot coexist Keystone Species: often a dominant predator whose removal allows a prey population to explode and often decreases overall diversity. Ex: sea otter Predation: the preying of one animal on others. Mimicry: the close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object Aerobic: using oxygen Anaerobic: using no oxygen