A New World

A New World I. II. Columbian Exchange a. New crops transformed environements and reshaped diets b. No immunity to old diseases, suffered the greatest population catastrophe in history c. Africa soon found itself involved in system of trade and migration i. Vast majority of 10 million that crossed from old to new world were African slaves b. For europeans, the emergence of new world brought more enjoyment to life says Adam Smith i. For natives, and Africans "every sort of injustice" b. Millions of people were able to make it in America but at the misfortune of millions of others c. Much more diversity, groups of people more intertwined in America The First Americans a. The Settling of the Americas i. Indians settled New World b/w 15000 & 60000 yrs ago b. Indian Societies of the Americas i. North and South American societies built roaads, trade networks, and irrigation systems ii. Societies in Mexico and south were grander in scale 1. Indians north of mexico lacked literacy, tools, and knowledge for long distance traveling b. Mound Builders of the Miss River Valley i. 3500 yrs ago Poverty Point was trading center for Miss and Ohio R valleys ii. Cahokia present day St. Louis flourished with population of 30K b. Western Indians i. Hopi and Zuni in AZ and NM built large planned towns and traded as far as Miss R and Mexico b. Indians of Eastern N. America i. Diet of corn, beans, hunting, fishing ii. Frequent wars, alliances iii. Very diverse, noticed by Europeans b. Native American Religion i. Ceremonies for farming and hunting ii. Some believed to have powers held positions of authority b. Land and Property i. Owning property was a foreign idea to them ii. Believed land was common resource, not commodity iii. Wealth mattered little, generosity more important b. Gender Relations i. Women could divorce and premarital sex ii. Men hunted, women did agriculture b. European Views of Indians II. II. II. II. i. Felt they lacked genuine religion ii. Thought they didn't use the land and had no claim to it iii. Indian men as weak, women as mistreated Indian Freedom, European Freedom a. Indian Freedom i. Europeans conlcuded indians didn't know what freedom was ii. Freedom to them was personal independence and ownership of property foreign to indians b. Christian Liberty i. Europeans thought Christ was freedom from sin ii. Christian Liberty had no connection to later religious tolerance b. Freedom and Authority i. Obedience to law was another defintion of freedom ii. Under English law, women had few rights, were submissive to husbands b. Liberty and Liberties i. Liberty was knowing your place in society and fulfilling duties ii. Modern civil liberties like freedom of worship and the press didn't exist The Expansion of Europe a. Chinese and Portugese Navigation i. Chinese admiral went to indian ocean and east africa around 1420 ii. The compass, caravel, and quadrant made trade along african coast possible for Portugal in early 1400s 1. Portugese established trading posts ii. Portugal colonized atlantic islands and established plantations with slaves b. Freedom and Slavery in Africa i. Slavery was already in use in Africa before Europeans came ii. Portugese accelerated slave trade iii. Vasco da Gama India in 1498, Portugal had vast trading empire b. Voyages of Columbus i. Christopher Columbus, italian, got support from King Ferdinand and Isabella ii. Reconquista was same year 1492 Contact a. Columbus in the New World i. Columbus landed on Hispanola 1492 began colonization next year ii. Ovando established permanent base in Hispanola 1502 iii. Vespucci coast of S. America 1500 and New World was the Americas b. Exploration and Conquest i. Gutenburg press in 1430s, news traveled quickly ii. Cabot went to Newfoundland in 1497, many europeans were soon exploring 1. Balboa went across Panama and saw Pacific Ocean. 2. Magellan sailed around the world ii. Spanish Cortes and Pizarro destroyed Aztecs and Incas in early 1500s b. Demographic Disaster i. Diseases such as smallpox, influenza plus wars and enslavement wiped out natives Spanish Empire a. Governing Spanish America i. Govt modeled after Spanish home rule and absolutism 1. II. Power flowed from King to council of indies to viceroys to loval officials ii. Catholic Church significant role in administration b. Colonists and Indians in Spanish Am i. Gold and Silver mining was primary economy 1. Mines were worked by Indians 2. Many Spaniards saw easier social mobility ii. Indians always outnubered Spanish iii. Spanish Am was hybrid culture b/w Indian, Spanish and African even 1. Mestizos were mixed indian and spanish people b. Justifications for Conquest i. Relied on cultural superiority, missionary zeal, and violence ii. Church's long holy war vs Islam renewed with Protestant Reformation in 16th cent iii. Primary aim of Spaniards was to convert Indians to "true faith" b. Piety and Profit i. Indian "converts" were also labor force in mines ii. De Las Casas wrote about injustice of Spanish toward Indians 1. Believed "the entire human race is one" but favored African slavery b. Reforming the Empire i. Las Casas encouraged 1542 New Laws, illegal to slave Indians ii. Black Legend was image by Las Casas about how brutal spain was b. Exploring North America i. Spanish migrated to US for Gold, first was Leon in FL in 1513 ii. Traveled through Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Southwest in 1520s-40s b. Spain in Florida and the Southwest i. FL had forts in 1560s to protect treasures ii. 1763 only 4K people in Spanish FL iii. Onate led people in present de NM in 1598 iv. Onate destroyed Acoma, old indian city b. Pueblo Revolt i. 1680 Pueblos led by Pope rebelled in NM French and Dutch Empires a. French Colonization i. Champlain founded Quebec in 1608, others Miss Valley ii. Few colonists came, only 19K whites b. New France and Indians i. Friendly relations essential, few settlers ii. More humane than Spain but still diseases iii. Metis were children of Indian women and french men b. Dutch Empire i. Hudson went to NY, claimed in 1609 ii. Dutch West India Company on Manhattan 1626 iii. Dominated international trade in early 1600s b. Dutch Freedom i. Prided themselves on devotion to freedom, had press and assembly ii. Amsterdam was refuge for jews and protestants iii. New Netherland was military post, but had rights for citizens iv. Slaves had some rights, and women too, more religious toleration too b. Settling New Netherland i. Cheap liestock and free land promised for slaves after 6 yrs basically indentured servant b. New Netherland and the Indians i. Dutch came to trade, not conquer, treated indians well, but not completely free of conflict GML Ch. 2: Beginnings of English America I. II. Introduction: Jamestown 1607 a. Sponsored by Virginia Co. because crown was short on funds b. First interest was searching for gold and natural resources, not creating a society c. Shifted balance of power from spain and portugal to northwestern europe (french and dutch settle quebec and new york) d. Goals of first Settlers in North America i. Entreprenuers sought to make fortunes, religious minorities hoped for freedom and society based on biblical teachings ii. Aristocrats sought to to re create a vanished world of fuedalism iii. Reproduce society they were familiar with, including the hierarchy and inequality iv. Ordinary men searched for social mobility 1. John Smith "No man will go from England to have less freedom in America b. Realities i. English America enjoyed greater rights than colonists of other empires such as voting, trial by jury, and access to land * key to economic independence ii. Settlers' success rested on depriving Native Americans of their land, and work of African Slaves iii. Therefore freedom, and lack of freedom increased in 1600s america England and the New World a. Unifying the English Nation i. England's stability in the sixteenth century was undermined by religious conflicts like protestant revolution b. England and Ireland i. England would oppress Ireland in a similar way they would later opress America b. England and N. America i. The crown issued charters for individuals but they failed b. Motives for Colonization i. Anti-Catholicism is popular in English culture ii. A Discourse Concerning Western Planing argued for settlement to strike a blow at Spain iii. National glory, profit, and missionary zeal II. II. iv. Trade, not mineral wealth would be basis of empire b. Social Crisis i. Worsening economy and the enclosure movement led to higher inequality and a social crisis ii. Unruly poor were encouraged to leave England for Am b. Masterless Men i. The english saw Am as place where man could gain economic independence by owning land The Coming of the English a. English Emigrants i. Constant immigration was necessary for survival ii. Between 1607 and 1700, 0.5 million left England 1. Ireland, West Indies and N. Am 2. Majority of N. Am settlers were young, poor, single men b. Indentured Servants i. 2/3 of English settlers came to N. Am as indentured servants ii. No rights while under contract b. Land i. Basis of liberty b. English and Indians i. Mainly wanted to displace indians and settle their land ii. Most acquired land by purchase though iii. Recurrent warfare b/w them, english gain sense of superiority b. Transformation of Indian Life i. English goods quickly integrated in Indian life ii. Over time European goods changed Indian life 1. Connection with Europeans stimulated warfare among tribes Settling the Chesapeake a. Jamestown Colony i. Settlement and survival questionable due to high death rates, unstable leadership, not enough supplies, and putting gold over farming ii. By 1610, only 65 settlers remained alive iii. John Smith's leadership held early colony together iv. New policies adopted in 1618 to help colony 1. Headright system, 50 acres to new settlers 2. Charter of grants and liberties created House of Burgesses 3. First slaves arrived b. Powhatan and Pocahontas i. Powhatan, the leader near Jamestown traded with English ii. Mostly peaceful early on, Pocahontas marries in 1614 b. Uprising of 1622 i. Once english had permanent colony, attack on VA in 1622 ii. Through a treaty, put Indians on reservations iii. VA Co. gave charter to the crown in 1624 b. A Tobacco Colony i. Tobacco was VA's substitute for gold ii. Expansion of tobacco production, more demand for Labor b. Women and the family II. II. i. Society lacked stable family life ii. Women had social freedom unlike in England b. The maryland Experiment i. Maryland in 1632 granted to Calvert full power b. Religion in Maryland i. Refuge for persecuted Catholics The New England Way a. Rise of Puritanism i. Puritanism came from Protestant Reformation in England 1. Puritans believed Church had too many elements of Catholocism ii. Religion was complex and demanding, time consuming 1. Teachings of John Calvin b. Moral Liberty i. Most went hoping to establish a Bible Commonwealth that would eventually influence England ii. Search of liberty and right to worship and govern themselves iii. Governed by moral "liberty to that only which is good", severe restraints on speech, religion, and behavior b. Pilgrims at Plymouth i. Cape Cod in 1620 Mayflower 1. Mayflower compact, first written frame of Gov in US ii. Local indians helped, celebrated in 1621 thanksgiving b. The Great Migration i. MA Bay Co. 1629 looked to further Puritans for profit ii. Differences from Chesapeake colonies 1. Balance of men and women 2. Healthier climate 3. More families b. The Puritan Family i. Same structure as England, men at head of household ii. Women full church membership, could divorce, but unpopular b. Gov't and Society in MA i. MA had self-governing towns 1. Each town had Congregational Church and school 2. To train ministry, Harvard College 1636 ii. Freemen of MA elected gov iii. Democracy was for inner circle of church members b. Puritan Liberties i. Social rank produced hierarchial justified by God's will ii. Body of Liberties affirmed rights of speech and assembly iii. Ministers formally couldn't hold office, but church and state were intertwined New Englanders Divided a. Roger Williams i. Young minister preached religious freedom and seperation of Church and State b. RI and CT i. Williams was banished from MA in 1636, established RI ii. RI was true religious reedom and democracy II. iii. CT had similar spin-offs b. Trials of Anne Hutchinson i. Well educated woman charged ministers of faulty preaching ii. On trial in 1637 for sedition 1. She ended up banished b. Puritans and Indians i. Differeing opinions about right to claim Indian land for England ii. NE thought indians were savage and temptation 1. CT court had law against living with indians 2. No real attempt by Puritans to convert the Indians b. The Pequot War i. Colonist defeated Pequots in 1637 first indian conflict b. NE Economy i. Most came from middle ranks of society ii. Fishing and timber, but centered on farms b. Growing Commercial Society i. More equal distribution of wealth in NE than VA ii. Powerful merchant class based on trade iii. Some clashed with church, went to New Hampshire iv. Less than half were full members of the church v. 1662 half-way covenant granted half-way membership in the church Religion, Politics, and Freedom a. Rights of Englishmen i. By 1600 Englishmen had rights based on Magna Carta to all free men of the realm 1. Habeas Corpus 2. Right to face accuser 3. Trial by jury b. English Civil War i. 1640s more debates about liberties b. England's Debate over freedom i. John Milton called for freedom of speech and press ii. Levellers called for more freedom iii. Diggers another group called for ownership of land b. Civil War and English America i. Most NE sided with Parliament in Civil War ii. Puritans ironically uncomfortable with religious toleration in england, want them to come to MA iii. MD Civil war and adopted act of religious toleration 1649 b. Cromwell and Empire i. Ruled England from 1649 to 1658 pursued aggressive colonial expansion, promoted protestantism and commercial empowerment ii. Next century carried crisis and consolidation GML Ch. 3: Creating Anglo-America, 16601750 I. II. Inro: King Philip's War a. 1675 New England, Wampanoag leader known as King Phil attacked b. Half of their towns destroyed, but ended up winning c. Result was more freedom for white NE on the land, less rights for indians Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire GML Ch. 4: Slavery, Freedom and Struggle for Empire to 1763 Thursday, June 18, 2015 12:34 AM I. Intro: Oludah Equiano African boy kidnapped by slave traders, renamed Gustavus Vassa Traveled the world, became educated, eventually bought freedom, wrote memoir about how he was a victim who was fortunate to make it out. c. Reinforces simultaneous expansion of freedom and slavery Slavery and Empire a. Atlantic Trade i. Trade flourished, merchants profited, slavery becomes associated with black, liberty with white b. Africa and Slave Trade i. Most rulers took part, disrupted society and economy b. Middle Passage i. Voyage across atlantic for slaves ii. Crammed, high death rates, few went to US b. Chesapeake Slavery i. Three Systems in main colonies 1. Tobacco-based/Rice-based plantation slavery 2. Nonplantation societies of NE ii. Transformed Chesapeake into Hiearchy 1. Large Planters 2. Yoemen Farmers 3. Indentured servants 4. Slaves ii. Laws came to protect it An Empire of Freedom a. British Patriotism i. Pride on being most advanced, most free nation ii. Common law, language, religion, enemy in france iii. Wealth, religion and freedom went together a. b. II. II. II. b. British Constitution i. No man above the law, even king b. Republican Liberty i. Celebrated active participation by economically independent citizens ii. Republicanism or Country became popular b. Liberal Freedom i. John Locke's ideas of individual rights, consent of governed, and rights of rebellion against unjust gov The Public Sphere a. Right to vote i. In Britain, needed ownership of property ii. Suffrage more common in colonies b. Political Cultures i. Considerable power to appointed not elected offices ii. Needed even more property to hold office iii. Deference-tendency to elect more powerful people, limited the choices b. Rise of Assemblies i. Elected Assemblies more assertive in colonies, lots of power ii. Leaders drew on English Country Party b. Politics in Public i. Am active in discussion in clubs usually ii. Literacy and newspapers encouraged discourse b. Freedom of Expression and Limits i. Freedom of speech was new idea, press was seen as dangerous ii. After 1695, gov couldn't censor print material and colonies defended it b. Trial of Zenger i. Publisher Zenger trial 1735 for seditious libel about NY Gov 1. Not guilty, reinforced b. American Enlightenment i. Apply scientific method to political and social life ii. Deism - God did not intervene in world GML Ch. 5 I. II. Intro: Thomas Hutchinson a. 1765 - Chief Justice and Lt. Gov of MA house destroyed by riots over Stamp Acts The Crisis Begins a. Consolidating the Empire i. During Seven Years' War, Britain treated colonies as their ally, after were forced to pay for British help they provided. ii. Members of British Parliament had virtual representation iii. II. II. Colonists argued could not tax because they were underrepresented in Parliament. b. Taxing the Colonies i. Sugar Act of 1764 and revenue act threated profits ii. Stamp act 1765 was wide reaching 1. First real conflict between colonies and britain b. Taxation and Representation i. Americans wanted same rights as british ii. Stamp Act Congress met in 1765, Patrick Henry's resolutions b. Liberty and Resistance i. Commite off Correspondences popped up with resistence ideas ii. Sons of Liberty organized a boycott against Stamp Act iii. London repealed, issued Declaratory Act b. The Regulators i. Groups in carolinas in 1760s of wealthy backcountry residents, defeated in 1771 by NC militia Road to Revolution a. The Townshend Crisis i. 1767 Townshend Act taxed imported goods; colonies again boycotted ii. Relied on homemade stuff rather than british b. Boston Massacre i. March 1770 conflict left five Bostonians dead including Crispus Atticks ii. Only tax left on tea, townshend act repealed b. Wilkes and Liberty i. John Wilkes expelled from seat for writings against king, cried "wilkes and liberty" ii. Fears of religious persecution from britain sending bishops over possibly b. The Tea Act i. The East India Co. struggling, market it in America ii. Colonists threw into harbor b. Intolerable Acts i. Gov takeover, lodge soldiers etc. The Coming of Independence a. Continental Congress i. To resist Intolerable Acts, convened in Philly 1774 b. Continental Association i. Stop trade with Britain, enforced by committees of safety b. Sweets of Liberty i. Began to claim more rights like John Locke's natural rights ii. Jefferson's Summary 1774 insisted free people claiming their rights from nature and wanted system of equals b. The Outbreak of War i. April 1775 war broke out Lexington and Concord ii. Battle of Bunker Hill was British vicory but forced out of Boston iii. 2nd Cont Cong army appointed George W as commander b. Independence? i. Opinions varied on the topic, not sure by 1775 b. Paine's Common Sense i. II. Jan 1776 criticized monarchy, expanded political discussion, led to colonies severing ties completely b. Declaration of Independence i. Independent, Jeffersons preamble, shifted rights of mankind and pursuit of happiness was unique b. An Asylum for Mankind i. Event of global historical significance, chance to "begin the world over again" Paine b. The Global DOI i. Inspired movements around the world Securing Independence a. Balance of Power i. Britain had advantage of better army, americans were passionate, home soil b. Blacks in Rev i. GW accepted blacks after British did it, offered freedom b. First Years of war i. Initially bad for GW, but good surprise attack at Trenton and Princeton b. Battle of Saratoga i. Turning point October 1777 gave boost to morale, convinced French to support us b. War in the South i. Shifted to south in 1778, British couldn't contain south b. Victory at Last i. Am and French troops surrounded Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ii. Treaty of Paris 1783 - John Adams, John Jay, Ben Frank