Principles and Practice of Veterinary Technology Sheet

Veterinary Medical Terminology Principles and Practice of Veterinary Technology I. Introduction to word parts A. Prefix □ A syllable, a group of syllables, or a word joined to the beginning of another word to alter its meaning or create a new word B. Root word □ The “subject” part of the word consisting of a syllable, group of syllables, or word that is the basis (or word base) for the meaning of the medical word C. Combining forms □ A word or root word that may or may not use the connecting vowel o when it is used as an element in a medical word formation D. Combining vowel □ The vowel, usually an o, used to connect a word or root word to the appropriate suffix or to another root word E. Combining vowel added to a suffix □ A syllable, a group of syllables, or a word added at the end of a root word to change its meaning, give it grammatical function, or form a new word F. Compound word □ Two or more words or root words combined to make a new word II. Using word parts to form words A. Use of the prefix □ The prefix is attached to the beginning of the root word to form the altered or new word. B. Suffix □ The suffix is attached to the end of a root word to form the altered or new word. C. Compound word □ If the suffix begins with a consonant, use the combining vowel o with the root word (the combining form), to which the suffix will be added. Study Guide 2 □ Do not use the combining vowel o when the suffix begins with a vowel. □ If the suffix begins with the same vowel that the combining form ends with (minus the combining vowel o), do not repeat the vowel when forming the new word. D. Prefix and suffix □ No root word is used. The prefix is added directly to the suffix. E. Prefix, root word, and suffix □ Words are formed by adding both the prefix and suffix to the root word. III. Defining medical terms using word analysis □ Start at the end of the word (suffix) and work toward the beginning (prefix). IV. Combining forms for body parts (Body Parts are from Latin or Greek Roots) Combining Form Body Part abdomin/o abdomen adren/o, adrenal- adrenal gland angi/o vessel arteri/o artery arthr/o joint blephar/o eyelid, eyelash cardi/o heart cervic/o cervix or neck of an organ chol/o, chole- bile cholecyst/o gallbladder chondr/o cartilage col/o colon crani/o cranium, skull cyst/o bladder cyt/o cell Study Guide 3 Combining Form Body Part dent/o tooth, teeth derm/o, dermat/o skin encephal/o brain enter/o intestines epididym/o epididymis esophag/o esophagus gastr/o stomach gloss/o tongue hem/o, hemat/o blood hepa-, hepat/o liver hyster/o uterus kerat/o cornea or horny tissue lapar/o flank, abdomen lip/o fat lymph/o lymph mast/o, mamm/o mammary glands mening/o meninges metr/o uterus (inner lining) muscul/o, my/o, myos- muscle myel/o bone marrow/spinal cord nephr/o kidney, nephron neur/o nerve ocul/o eye odont/o tooth, teeth Study Guide 4 Combining Form Body Part onych/o claw, hoof ophthalm/o eye orchi/o, orchid/o testes oste/o bone ot/o ear peritone/o peritoneum phleb/o vein pneum/o lung, air, breath proct/o rectum pulmo-, pulmon/o lung ren/o renal (kidney) rhin/o nose spondyl/o vertebra, spinal column thorac/o thorax thyr/o, thyroid- thyroid gland tonsill/o tonsil trache/o trachea tympan/o tympanum (middle ear) urethr/o urethra ur/o urine uter/o uterus vagin/o vagina ven/o vein ventricul/o ventricle Study Guide 5 Combining Form Body Part vertebr/o vertebra vulv/o vulva V. Suffixes for surgical procedures Suffix Meaning Example and Definition -ectomy to excise or surgically remove CHOLecysTECtomy = surgical removal of the gallbladder -tomy to incise or cut into (making an LAPaROTomy = surgical incision into the incision) abdomen -stomy to make a new, artificial opening in a hollow organ (to the outside of the body), or to make a new opening between two hollow organs coLOStomy = surgical creation of a new opening between the colon and the outside of the body -rrhaphy to surgically repair by joining in a seam or by suturing together HERniORRhaphy = surgical repair of a hernia -pexy fixation or suturing (a stabilizing type of repair) GAStroPEXy = fixation of the stomach to the body wall -plasty to shape, the surgical formation of, or plastic surgery (“to improve function, to relieve pain, or for cosmetic reasons”) CHEIloPLASty = plastic repair of the lips (to improve looks and function) -centesis to puncture, perforate, or tap, permitting withdrawal of fluid, air, etc. abDOMinocenTEsis = surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity GAStroDUodeNOStomy = to create a new opening between the stomach and the duodenum Study Guide 6 VI. Suffixes for diseases or conditions Suffix Meaning Example and Definition -iasis infestation or infection with, a condition characterized by acaRIasis = infestation with mites lithIasis = a condition characterized by formation of calculi -ism a state or condition, a fact of being, result of a process hyperCORtiSONism = condition resulting from excessive cortisone -itis inflammation of TONsilLItis = inflammation of the tonsils -oma tumor LEIomyOMa = tumor of smooth muscles -osis abnormal condition or process of degeneration nePHROsis = degenerative disease of the kidneys Study Guide 7 VII. Prefixes for diseases or conditions Prefix Meaning Example and Definition a-, an- without or not having aNEmia = not having enough red blood cells anti- against antibiOTic = drug that acts against bacteria brady- slow BRAdyCARdia = excessively slow heart rate contra- against, opposed CONtraINdiCAted = something that is not indicated de- remove, take away, loss of deHYdrated = excessive loss of body water dys- difficult, troubled dysPHAgia = difficulty eating or swallowing hyper- high, excessive HYperTHERmia = body temperature higher than normal hypo- low, insufficient HYpoTHERmia = body temperature lower than normal mal- bad, poor MALoCCLUsion = poor fit of upper and lower teeth when jaws close poly- many, much POLyPHAgia = excessive eating py/o- pus PYoTHOrax = pus in the thoracic cavity tachy- fast, rapid TACHyCARdia = excessively fast heart rate VIII. Plural endings Singular Plural Example -a -ae VERtebra, VERtebrae -anx -anges PHAlanx, phaLANges -en -ina LUmen, LUmina -ex, -ix -ices Apex, Apices; CERvix, CERvices -is -es TEStis, TEStes -inx -inges MENinx, meNINges Study Guide 8 Singular Plural Example -ma -mata or -mas ENema, ENeMAta or ENemas -um -a Ovum, Ova -ur -ora FEMur, FEMora -us -i Uterus, Uteri IX. Suffixes for instruments, procedures, and machines Suffix Meaning Example and Definition -scope instrument for examining, viewing, or listening OtoSCOPE = instrument for looking into the ears -scopy act of examining or using the scope LAPaROScopy = procedure of using a laparoscope to view the abdominal cavity -tome instrument for cutting, such MIcroTOME = instrument for cutting tissues into as into smaller or thinner microthin slices or sections sections -graph instrument or machine that writes or records ELECtroCARdiograph = machine that records electrical impulses produced by the beating heart -graphy procedure of using an instrument or machine to record ELECtroCARdiOGraphy = procedure of using an electrocardiograph to produce an electrocardiogram -gram product, written record, “picture,” or graph produced ELECtroCARdiogram (ECG, EKG) = graphic tracing of the electrical currents flowing through the beating heart -meter instrument or machine that measures or counts TherMOmeter = instrument used to measure body temperature -metry procedure of measuring doSIMetry = act of determining the amount, rate, and distribution of ionizing radiation -imetry X. Terms for direction, position, and movement □ CRAnial: Pertaining to the cranium or head end of the body, or denoting a position more toward the cranium or head end of the body than some other reference point (body part) Study Guide 9 □ CAUdal: Pertaining to the tail end of the body, or denoting a position more toward the tail or rear of the body than some other reference point (body part) □ ROStral: Pertaining to the nose end of the head or body, or toward the nose □ DORsal: Pertaining to the back area of a quadruped (animal with four legs), or denoting a position more toward the spine than some other reference point (body part) □ VENtral: Pertaining to the underside of a quadruped, or denoting a position more toward the abdomen than some other reference point (body part) □ MEdial: Denoting a position closer to the median plane of the body or a structure, toward the middle or median plane, or pertaining to the middle or a position closer to the median plane of the body or a structure □ LATeral: Denoting a position farther from the median plane of the body or a structure, on the side or toward the side away from the median plane, or pertaining to the side of the body or of a structure □ peRIPHeral: Pertaining to or situated near the periphery, the outermost part, or surface of an organ or part □ CENtral: Pertaining to or situated near the more proximal areas of the body or a structure; opposite of peripheral □ SUperFIcial: Situated near the surface of the body or a structure; opposite of deep □ deep: Situated away from the surface of the body or a structure; opposite of superficial □ adJAcent: Next to, adjoining, close □ PROXimal: Nearer to the center of the body, relative to another body part, or a location on a body part relative to another, more distant, location □ DIStal: Farther from the center of the body, relative to another body part or a location on a body part relative to another closer location □ obLIQUE: At an angle, or pertaining to an angle □ reCUMbent: Lying down; a modifying term is needed to describe the surface on which the animal is lying □ SUpine, SUpiNAtion: Lying faceup, in dorsal recumbency. Supination is the act of turning the body or a leg so that the ventral aspect is uppermost □ prone, proNAtion: Lying facedown, in ventral recumbency. Pronation is the act of turning the body or a leg so the ventral aspect is down □ PALmar: The caudal surface of the front foot distal to the antebrachiocarpal joint; also pertains to the undersurface of the front foot Study Guide 10 □ PLANtar: The caudal surface of the back foot distal to the tarsocrural joint; also pertains to the undersurface of the rear foot □ abDUCtion: Movement of a limb or part away from the median line or middle of the body □ adDUCtion: Movement of a limb or part toward the median line or middle of the body □ FLEXion: The act of bending, such as a joint □ exTENsion: The act of straightening, such as a joint; also, the act of pulling two component parts apart to lengthen the whole part XI. Dental terminology □ ocCLUsal: The chewing or biting surface of teeth; toward the plane between the mandibular and maxillary teeth □ BUccal: Toward the cheek; tooth surface toward the cheek □ LINGual: Pertaining to the tongue; tooth surface toward the tongue □ CONtact: Surface of a tooth facing an adjacent or opposing tooth □ MEsial: Surface of a tooth closest to the midline of the dental arcade