Veterinary Medical Terminology

Veterinary Medical Terminology I. Introduction to Word Parts Prefix  A syllable, a group of syllables, or a word joined to the beginning of another word to alter its meaning or create a new word Root Word  The “subject” part of the word consisting of a syllable, group of syllables, or word that is the basis (or word base) for the meaning of the medical word Combining Forms  A word or root word that may or may not use the connecting vowel o when it is sued as an element in a medical word formation Combining Vowel  The vowel, usually an o, used o connect a word or root word to the appropriate sufÏx or to another root word Combining Vowel Added to a SufÏx  A syllable, a group of syllables, or a word added at the end of a root word to change its meaning, give it grammatical function, or form a new word Compound Word  Two to more words or root words combined o make a new word II. Using Word Parts to Form Words Use of the Prefix  The prefix is attached to the beginning of the root word to form the altered or new word SufÏx  The sufÏx is attached to the end of a root word to form the altered or new word Compound Word  If the sufÏx begins w/ a consonant, use the combining vowel o w/ the root word (the combining form), to which the sufÏx will be added  Do not use the combining vowel o when the sufÏx begins w/ a vowel  If the sufÏx begins w/ the same vowel that the combining form ends w/ (minus the combining vowel o), do not repeat the vowel when forming the new word Prefix and SufÏx  No root word is used – the prefix is added directly to the sufÏx Prefix, Root Word, and SufÏx  Words are formed by adding both the prefix and sufÏx to the root word III.  IV. Defining Medical Terms Using Word Analysis Start at the end of the word (sufÏx) and work towards the beginning (prefix) Combining Forms for Body Parts (Body Parts are from Latin or Greek Roots) Combining Form Body Part Abdomen/o Adren/o, Adrenal Angi/o Arteri/o Arthr/o Blephar/o Cardi/o Cervic/o Chol/o, chole Cholecyst/o Chondr/o Col/o Crani/o Cysti/o Cyt/o Dent/o Derm/o, Dermat/o Encephal/o Epididym/o Esophag/o Gastr/o Gloss/o Hem/o, hemat/o Hepa, hepat/o Hyster/o Kerat/o Lapar/o Lip/o Lymph/o Mast/o, mamm/o Mening/o Metr/o Muscul/o, my/o, myos Myel/o Nephr/o Neur/o Ocul/o Odont/o Onych/o Ophthalm/o Orchi/o, orchid/o Oste/o Ot/o Peritone/o Phleb/o Pneum/o Abdomen Adrenal gland Vessel Artery Joint Eyelids, eyelash Heart Cervix or neck of an organ Bile Gallbladder Cartilage Colon Cranium, skull Bladder Cell Tooth, teeth Skin Brain Epididymis Esophagus Stomach Tongue Blood Liver Uterus Cornea or horny tissue Flank, abdomen Fat Lymph Mammary glands Meninges Uterus (inner lining) Muscle Bone marrow/spinal cord Kidney, nephron Nerve Eye Tooth, teeth Claw, hoof Eye Testes Bone Ear Peritoneum Vein Lung, air, breath Proct/o Pulmo, plumon/o Ren/o Rhin/o Spondyl/o Thorac/o Thyr/o, thyroid Tonsil/o Trache/o Tympan/o Urethr/o Ur/o Uter/o Vagin/o Ven/o Ventricul/o Vertebr/o Vulv/o V. Rectum Lung Renal (kidney) Nose Vertebra, spinal column Thorax Thyroid gland Tonsil Trachea Tympanum (middle ear) Urethra Urine Uterus Vagina Vein Ventricle Vertebra Vulva SufÏxes for Surgical Procedures SufÏx -extomy Meaning To exercise or surgically remove -tomy To incise or cut into (making an incision) To make a new, artificial opening in a hallow organ (to the outside of the body), or to make a new opening between two hollow organs -stomy -rrhaphy -pexy -plasty -centesis VI. To surgically repair by joining in a seam or by suturing together Fixation or suturing (a stabilizing type of repair) To shape, the surgical formation of, or plastic surgery (“to improve function, to relieve pain, or for cosmetic reasons”) To puncture, perforate, or tap, permitÝng withdrawal of fluid, air, etc. SufÏxes for Disease or Conditions Example and Definition CHOLeysTECtomy = surgical removal of the gallbladder LAPaROTomy = surgical incision into the abdomen coLOStomy = surgical creation of a new opening between the colon and the outside of the body GAStroDUodeNOStomy = to create a new opening between the stomach and the duodenum HERniORRhaphy = surgical repair of a hernia GAStroPEXy = fixation of the stomach to the body wall CHEIloPLAsty = plastic repair of the lips (to improve looks and function) abDOMinocenTEsis = surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity SufÏx -iasis -itis Meaning Infestation or infection w/, a condition characterized by A state or condition , a fact of being, result of a process Inflammation of -oma Tumor -osis Abnormal condition or process of degeneration -ism VII. Meaning Without or not having Anti Brady Contra Against Slow Against, opposed De Dys Hyper Remove, take away, loss of DifÏcult, troubled High, excessive Hypo Low, insufÏcient Mal Bad, poor Poly Py/o Tachy Many, much Pus Fast, rapid Singular A Anx En Ex, ix Is Inx Ma Um Ur Us hyperCORtiSOnism = condition resulting from excessive cortisone TONsiLItis = tumor inflammation of the tonsils LEIomyOMa = tumor of the smooth muscles nePHROsis = degenerative disease of the kidneys Prefixes for Disease or Conditions Prefix A, an VIII. Example and Definition acaRIasis = infestation w/ mites Example and Definition aNEmia = not having enough red blood cells antibiotic = drug that acts against bacteria BRAdyCARdia = excessively slow heart rate CONtraINdiCAted = something that is not indicated deHYdrated = excessive loss of body water dysPHYgia = difÏculty eating or swallowing HYperTHERmia = body temp higher than normal HYpoTHERmia = body temp lower than normal MALoCCLUsion = poor fit or upper and lower teeth when jaws close POLyPHAgia = excessive eating PYoTHOrax =pus in the thoracic cavity TACHyCARdia = excessively fast heart rate Plural Endings Plural Ae Anges Ina Ices Es Inges Mata or mas A Ora I Example VERtebra, VERtebrae PHAlanx, phaLANges LUmen, LUmina Apex, Apices; CERvix, CERvices TEStis, TEStes MENinx, meNINges ENema, ENeMAta or ENemas Ovum, ova FEMur, FEMora Uterus, Uteri IX. SufÏx -scope -scopy -tome -graph SufÏxes for Instruments, Procedures, and Machines Meaning Instruments for examining, viewing, or listening Act of examining or using the scope Instrument for cutÝng, such as into smaller or thinner sections Instrument or machine that writes or records -graphy Procedure of using an instrument or machine to record -gram Product, written record, “picture,” or graph produced -meter Instrument or machine that measures or counts Procedure of measuring -metry -imetry X. Example and Definition OtoSCOPE = instrument for looking into the ears LAPaROScopy = procedure of using a laparoscope to view the abdominal cavity MICroTOME = instrument for cutÝng tissues into microthin slices or sections ELECtroCARdiograph = machine that records electrical impulses produced by the beating heart ELECtroCARdiOGraphy = procedure of using an electrocardiograph to produce an electrocardiogram ELECtroCARdiogram (ECG, EKG) = graphic tracing of the electrical currents flowing through the beating heart TherMOmeter = instrument used to measure body temp doSIMetry = act of determining the amount, rate, and distribution of ionizing radiation Terms for Direction, Position, and Movement CRAnial  Pertaining to the cranium or head end of the body, or denoting a position more toward the cranium or head end of the body than some other reference point (body part) CAUdal  Pertaining to the tail end of the body, or denoting a position more toward the trail or rear of the body than some other reference point (body part) ROStral  Pertaining to the nose end of the head or body, or toward the nose DORsal  Pertaining to the back area of a quadruped (animal w/ four legs), or denoting a position more toward the spine than some other reference point (body part) VENtral  Pertaining to the underside of a quadruped, or denoting a position more toward the abdomen than some other reference point (body part) MEdial  Denoting a position closer to the median plane of the body or a structure, toward the middle or median plane, or pertaining to the middle or a position closer to the median plane of the body or a structure LATeral Denoting a position farther from the median plane of the body or a structure, on the side or toward toe side away from the median plane, or pertaining to the side of the body or of a structure peRIPHeral  Pertaining to or situated near the periphery, the outermost part, or surface of an organ or part CENtral  Pertaining to or situated near the more proximal areas of the body or a structure; opposite of peripheral SUperFIcial  Situated near the surface of the body or a structure; opposite of deep Deep  Situated away from the surface of the body; opposite of superficial adJAcent  Next to, adjoining, close PROXimal  Nearer to the center of the body, relative to another body part, or a location on a body part relative to another, more distant, location DIStal  Farther from the center of the body, relative to another body part or a location on a body part relative to another closer location obLIQUE  At an angle, or pertaining to an angle reCUMbent  Lying down; a modifying term is needed to describe the surface on which the animal is lying SUpine/SUpiNAtion  Laying faceup, in dorsal recumbency. Supination is the act of turning the body or a leg so that the ventral aspect is uppermost Prone/proNAtion  Lying face down, in ventral recumbency. Pronation is the act of turning the body or a leg so the ventral aspect is down PALmar  The caudal surface of the front foot distal to the antebrachicocarpal joint; also pertains to the undersurface of the front foot PLANtar  The caudal surface of the back foot distal to the tarsocrural joint; also pertains to the undersurface of the rear foot abDUCtion  Movement of a limb or part away from the medial line or middle of the body adDUCTION  Movement of a limb or part toward the median line or middle of the body FLEXion  The act of bending, such as a joint exTENsion  The act of straightening, such as a joint; also, the act of pulling two component parts apart to lengthen the whole part  XI. Dental Terminology ocCLUsal  The chewing or biting surface of teeth; toward the plane between the mandibular and maxillary teeth BUccal  Toward the cheek; tooth surface toward the cheek LINGual  Pertaining to the tongue; tooth surface toward the tongue CONtact  Surface of a tooth facing an adjacent or opposing tooth MEsial  Surface of a tooth closet to the midline of the dental arcade