Disease Etiology and Levels of Prevention in Healthcare

Chapter 1: Etiology is the precise cause of the disease. - Pathogen- a disease causing microorganism - Multifactorial- more than one cause for disease - Idiopathic- no known cause - Nosocomial- disease results from exposure to infection in the healthcare environment - Iatrogenic- disease from medical treatment 1. Primary prevention: Prohibits the disease from happening or occuring. Ex. Wearing a helmet, flu shots, prophylaxis 2. Secondary prevention: early detection through screening and early treatment.footage Ex. doing self breast exams & testicular exams 3. Tertiary prevention: rehabilitation after diagnosis of a disease/injury. Preventing complications/progression of the condition. Ex. Physical therapy for stroke Chapter 2: Cell Function: 1. Transport- movement of molecules across membranes. 2. Ingestion - (intake) controlling what comes in (endocytosis) 3. Secretion - (removing) controls what leaves cells (exocytosis) 4. respiration - anaerobic and aerobic 5. communication - exchange of information 6. Reproduction - Mitosis, single cell divide into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, germ cells (sperm + egg) form gametes with half chromosomes as parent cells. fifty ing Passive Transport (no energy required) : Osmosis, Diffusion Osmosis - Solvent (the water) moves from low to high solute concentration, through a semipermeable ageemaggarrager membrane. Diffusion - Solute (the salt) moves from high to low concentration. Facilitated transport - proteins aid substance movement across the membrane, no energy. (ex. glucose) Active transport - moves particles against concentration gradient, energy. (Na/K- ATPase pump) What are Feedback mechanisms? Regulates the gene activity and controls the cells from overproduction or underproduction. Proliferation- Increase # of cells (helps maintain population, tissue growth, tissue repair) Differentiation- Change in physical function & properties. Special functions (influenced by cell microenvironment / signals) Cellular adaptation and response to stress Atrophy - Shrunken cell, decrease in SIZE. (Ex. Menopause) - Decrease demand ; immoble - Decrease blood supply ; ischemia - Lack of hormones and nutrients Hypertrophy - enlarged, increase in SIZE, in response to stress. (Ex. Pregnancy) > increased sex hormones; hypertrophied reproductive cells for location. Hyperplasia - Increase in NUMBER of cells (Ex. Puberty) > increase number of cells on the uterus; high altitude > increase number of RBC. Metaplasia - Transform from one type to another caused by external stress. When stressor is removed it can return to normal Ex. bronchial tubes change from epithelial to squamous from smoking. Dysplasia - Transform to abnormal & mutated cell types. (change in cell shape, size, uniformity, arrangement, structure; CAUSED BY ABNORMAL MUTATION OF DIVIDING CELLS) (ex. Cancer cells) Cell Injury & Death Apoptosis - “cell suicide” programmed cell death. (damaged genetic mutation/materials, old age etc) Necrosis - Unplanned death, due to cell injury. (chemicals & pathogens, infections, physical injury, serum deficit) Chapter 3: Inflammation and tissue repair First Line of Defense- Physical & chemical barrier to protect pathogens from entry. (ex: skin, mucous membrane, tears, saliva) Second Line of Defense - Inflammatory Response. Vasodilation & increased capillary permeability causing redness and swelling. Phagocytes move in to engulf harmful substances. (nonspecific) Third Line of Defense - Immune response.Provides a specific and effective response to provide long term protection against disease. (if unsuccess will cause disease to spread) Acute inflammation (heat, pin, redness, swelling, loss of function) 1. Vascular response - vessels dilate to increase blood flow, and lining becomes more permeable this allows WBC to phagocytize the harmful agents. Inflammatory Mediators: REGULATORS & first responders.They regulate vessel dilation, blood flow, and the start/end of vascular regulation. Mast cells: They are by the epithelium and have receptors that recognize pathogens so they can also be first responders. 2. Cellular response - alert products of healing to injured sites. Chemotaxis - transporting cells to the site of injury. Cellular Adherence - stick to the line of the epithelium. Cellular Migration - leaving blood vessels to migrate out to the blood vessel. 3. Prepair - remove the damaged tissues and prepare the site for healing. Manifestations: (referred to as Cardinal Signs) LOCAL: Erythema (redness), heat, swelling, pain, loss of function, lymphadenitis (enlarged and inflammation of lymph nodes for draining harmful substances) SYSTEMIC : Fever: helps kill some microorganism/Bacteria. Also increases blood flow. FATIGUE, loss Appetite LAB: High level CBC, Blood Test , CRP, ESR (erythrocyte sediment rate) Treatment : Reduce blood flow, swelling, pain, block mediators. RICE: rest, ice, compression, elevation. Treat underlie condition, diet, NSAIDS & Glucocorticoids. Healing and Tissue Repair Primary Intention - Wound is close together (papercut). The wound is connecting and healing simultaneously. Secondary Intention - Big opening; they must heal from the bottom up, more likely to lead to infections. Chapter 4 : Altered Immunity Immune function: Body Recognizes SPECIFIC foreign substances and neutralizes them to prevent damage in the body. Antigens: They SIGNALS the antibodies to recognize and approach the invader. Antibodies: Proteins that bind to the antigen, which will deactivate and stop the pathogens. Innate immunity: Non-specific, it will fight against any pathogen that comes in contact with. Adaptive Immunity: Acquired immunity; it takes time to develop and it only can attack certain pathogens. (specific & memory) Specificity: seek and destroy specific invaders.