University:
University of Ottawa
Course:
BIO 1130 | Introduction to Organismal Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

373

Pages:

3
Author:

xxzakxx 45

Chapter 1: Inductive reasoning (linked to a descriptive based approach): making a generalisation often based on numerous specific observations. o Particular to general o See and make conclusion o Example: observation: the orange is sweet, generalization: all oranges are sweet Deductive reasoning (linked to a hypothesis-based approach): involves stating a hypothesis and drawing conclusions (after experimentation or observation) from the hypothesis. o General to particular o See, investigate and make conclusion Scientific hypotheses must be verifiable, refutable, and reproducible. You can then come up with a prediction, which must be testable and provide a concise statement of what you expect to happen. Example: Hypothesis: "If the amount of water given to plants increases, their growth will also increase." Prediction: "When we provide more water to the plants, they will grow bigger." result. Hypothesis can be falsified or not falsified. We can never prove that a hypothesis is the scientific truth. If a hypothesis has survived multiple falsification attempts = theory. Observation hypothesis predictions tests not refuted additional tests refuted new hypothesis Contract between science and knowledge (or the ability to know) o Ask questions regarding facts - We might be skeptical of the proposed facts, asking our own honest inquiries about them as well. always retest what has been found. o Realism – The world is older and exists by itself, it does not just come into being with my thinking about it (the realm of ideas does not have the priority over the real world). o Rationality – logic: demonstrations from a scientist must be the result of coherent steps. Parsimony: methodological principle which states that acceptable theories are hypothetically the most economical in assumptions. o Methodological materialism – all that is experimentally accessible in the real world is material or has a material origin. Chapter 3: Darwin's writing is the initial reference to the resemblance between species The similarity of species is first brought up in Darwin's notes The idea of how species show resemblance to each other was initially mentioned in Charles Darwin's notes. because they share a common ancestor (not a common environment). o He rejects the fixity of species and accepts the concept of descent with modifications. o A viewpoint that mainly focuses on the importance of money and possessions in life, contrasting with the religious beliefs prevalent during that period. o Rejects Lamarck’s evolutionary mechanism (environmental determinism). Then, he begins the search for an evolutionary mechanism. He found an evolution pattern, but its source was unknown. He needed the mechanism. Finches of the Galapagos Islands- they show morphological similarities because they ancestor. Birds might have come to the islands because they were transported or they flew. caught in a windstorm.