Conversational Repair

On the spot – situation in place in which you are speaking Adjusting language to the one in which other people are speaking around you In the Head – determined by the messages trying to convey, abstract idea Switching between language to convey message on the spot on the turn In the mist of the conversation, quoting somebody Ex. Requests or drawing attention by switching tone or language Not gaps in people’s linguistic knowledge “crutching”, using code switching as crutching Code Switching – way of speaking with motivation Conversational Storytelling, Spoken Language “Genres” Performance Narrative = dimensions of one active teller, detached, know point of story Arnold Story – one active teller, isolated/detached story without conversation, linear sequence Conversational Narrative = dimensions of multi active teller, embedded, unclear point of story Joseph Epiphany – multi active tellers, embedded in conversation Culture Areas, Ethnography – ways of speech differ, thus being humbler about the difference, can teach you about other’s and about your own Asthabaskans and English speakers think one another have a weird way of speech, ex. Athabaskans do not speak, but keep silent, and speak only to close people Presentation of Self: how much you know someone, the more you speak, dominance with display Morpheme: phrase is emphasized, information structure, not actual meaning Conversational Repair ●​ Speaking with others is a moral venture ○​ Evidence that the conversation machine is driven by human feelings (with) ●​ Language is not just a product of an individual mind ●​ Listeners guide and shape what a speaker says ●​ Repair Initiations – Huh? What? Oh, you mean from a week from tomorrow? Inverses -Easier on the person talking (redo turn) - Weaker to Stronger (easier on the receiver) Huh? Fast to produce, late to arrive ●​ Time used to try to solve the problem ●​ Word that should be in dictionary – embedded in different cultures/ languages ●​ Closet to universal word – every language has a word for its function, an incline to fixing conversation and understanding it ●​ Motivated sign, reason for its motivation affects its form – easy to produce Phonological of “what” in different languages are arbitrary (saussaran) sign to memorize “Huh” is not identical, but similar based on its vowel Vowel Trapezoid – categorized by where the tongue is when speaking ●​ Close (closed jaw) top of trapezoid, E, U ●​ Open (open jaw) bottom of trapezoid, easy to say, least effort H, A Universal in human language Conversation machine based on cooperation and moral commitment​ Vs. Universal Grammer based on formal principles: subjacency, recursion, structure dependence How do humans learn to use language so quickly and easily given the poverty of the stimulus? – say things never heard before (generate new thoughts, no parroting NOT universal “Baby Talk” or “Motherese” - high pitch, exaggerated intonation, naming routines, special lexicon, get child to preform for them = simplified lang. to better understand Kaluli (PNG) - babies don’t understand, no talk/interpret of baby talk, 3-year “elema” routine “say like that” (voice for older babies, one should say in context) harden babies up Samoa – cared for by older children, observes social environment by age/caregiver status to act, no interpreting utterance, low rank understands higher, higher rank is less you move, baby should work to understand the higher rank than them trying to understand the baby White Middle-Class Anglo American – baby talk & equipment to accommodate child, win games, no accept status differential (highchair), expand utterances, assumes other’s intentions Language acquisition vs. Language Socialization ●​ Approtiae comportment ●​ What a person is and their social capacity ●​ Culturally preferred ways of processing information ●​ How meaning is treating in society