Chapter One: Matter Chemistry - The Science of Everyday Experience • chemistry is the study of matter, including its composition, properties, and transformations. • matter is anything that has mass and takes up volume (naturally occurring or synthetic). States of Matter - Solid, Liquid, and Gas the solid state • definite volume • maintains its shape regardless of its container • particles lie close together in a regular or irregular three-dimensional pattern the liquid state • definite volume • no definite shape; assumes the shape of its container • particles are close together but can randomly move past one another the gas state • no definite volume; assumes the volume of its container • no definite shape; assumes the shape of its container • particles are very far apart and move around randomly physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the material. • boiling point • melting point • solubility • color • odor • state of matter a physical change alters the material without changing its composition. a chemical change is the chemical reaction that converts one substance into another. the composition and many physical properties of the material is different at the beginning and end of the process. chemical properties determine how a substance can be converted into another substance. Classification of Matter all matter can be classified as either a pure substance or a mixture. pure substances • composed of only a single component (e.g. pure water) • has a constant composition regardless of the sample size or origin • cannot be broken down into other pure substances through physical change mixtures • composed of more than one component (e.g. salt water) • can have varying composition in different samples • can be separated into their components by a physical process, such as melting or boiling a pure substance can be classified as either an element or a compound. • an element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by a chemical change; it contains only one type of atom (e.g. Al, N2). • a compound is a pure substance formed by chemically joining atoms of two or more different elements (e.g. H2O, NaCl).