Modern Middle East Quiz #2 Study Guide

Modern Middle East Quiz #2 Study Guide 1. Identify the author of the original document, and the time it was written. Can you say something more about the document’s author? 2. What genre of document is this? (legal, traditional, philosophical, scripture, sermon, commentary, poem, memoir, letter, diplomatic, fiction, etc.) 3. Describe the contents of the passage in a sentence or two. 4. Purpose/context-answer a or b. a. Why do you think this document was written? What purpose did the document serve? OR b. What is the context in which it was written, or some of the issues at play during the time it was written. 5. Briefly identify or discuss three “items” mentioned explicitly in the document. These may be clauses, sentences or paragraphs in the document, names of persons or institutions, concepts, legal rulings, conclusions drawn by the document, technical terms, and the like—but they must be specifically mentioned in the document. 6. Briefly note why this document is historically significant OR what we can learn from this document. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BILU Manifesto (1) 1. Summer 1882, was an organization of young/student Russian Jews, their Manifesto is BILU, BILU is a acronym in Hebrew of Isaiah 2:5, “Beit Yisrael Lechu Venelcha” (House of Jacob, let us go), BILU the organization was formed in a response to Russian pogroms and violence/persecution against Russian Jews, BILU was written by organization members during their immigration to Palestine while travelling through Constantinople 2. Manifesto of the BILU Organization 3. State their (Jewish) claim to Israel (Zion), what the new Jewish government in Palestine will look like, and their methods to obtain their goals of (early/unnamed) Zionism 4. (b) This Manifesto was written during their immigration in the late 1800s, the violence in Russia towards the Jewish is reflected in BILU’s hope for a new, Jewish, state free of persecution and violence 5. Zion (Palestine) as the Jewish homeland and right, “a celestial Temple, whose wall is still a silent witness to the glories of the Past” (reference to the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem), BILU 6. Although BILU was challenged, it was a model of a new and radical communitarianism that would be replicated by decades of immigrants to Israel, inspiring more to come and work to attain a Jewish state. Balfour Declaration (7) 1. November 2, 1917, British Foreign Secretary Lord Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, the honorary leader of the Zionist Federation in Britain 2. Letter 3. Voices British support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” and gives the Zionists the backing of Britain going into WWI while promising “that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine” , and the promise of Britain “facilitating the achievement of this object” 4. (b) The letter was composed at the height of WWI when Palestine was still under Ottoman rule, there was a feel amongst Palestinians that if the Ottomans were to lose the war, the declaration would be enforced. 5. Zionist Federation in Britain, non-Jewish communities in Palestine, Lord Baron Rothschild (honorary president of Zionist fed at the time, eventually forwards the Zionist draft to the British cabinet in summer 1917) 6. Validated the Zionist claims for a Jewish state and was the first document to officially start the modern day “Israeli-Palestinian” conflict, also established the legally/internationally recognized Zionist movement and secured its leadership in Chaim Weizmann White Paper of 1939 (14) 1. May 17, 1939, British Colonial Secretary Malcom MacDonald on behalf of the British Government, Labour Party (only in the role of CS because of his Father the ex-PM) 2. White Paper, a document that aims to inform a reader and sway them to the author’s side of opinion as the most viable solution 3. Declared Palestine to become an independent state in the next ten years, Jewish immigration should be reduced to 75,000 incoming over the next five years, Jewish land grabs and settlement will be limited, Three main objectives of WP: a. Palestine will be put under regulations (political, economical, administrative) to “secure” the establishment of a home for the Jewish people in Palestine b. Civil and religious rights of Palestinians must be protected and not “prejudiced” c. The development of “self-governing institutions” to ensure Palestine’s future i. The British also wanted to assure access and safety in Holy Places to both Arabs and Jews, protection of different minority/ethnic communities, British interest and support in carrying out these objectives 4. (b) This document was written at the start of WWII, and rejected the Peel Commission's idea of partitioning Palestine, the WP was the governing policy for Mandatory Palestine until the British departure in 1948. After WWII, the WP/Mandate was directed towards the UN. 5. Arab/Jewish Delegations in London, Mandate for Palestine, The League of Nations 6. The Jewish Agency rejected the paper, stating it was in violation of the British Mandate for Palestine, and that it made the Jewish population a minority to be persecuted by the Arabs, other discussions about the WP were postponed because of WWII, Zionists fought with the British against Germany, THE WP were controversial but influential in Israel because it rejected the Peel’s Commission to partition Palestine and was a break with conventional tactics in the region. Proclamation of the State of Israel (21) 1. May 14, 1948, written by the Jewish Agency Executive 2. This is a proclamation and a speech made by the government. 3. In this proclamation, David Ben-Gurion, who was the chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive made this speech for the Jewish population in Palestine. At this time there had just been a full scale Arab attack on those in Jerusalem after the British rule over Palestine ended. 4. This speech was written to try and encourage and address many of the issues that lied before the Jewish population, as well keep their momentum and morals high and strong as they were about to face intense persecution for their faith and heritage. 5. He mentions the First Zionist Congress that was inspired by Theodor Herzl’s vision of the Jewish State in 1897. He talks of the Jewish people’s rights to have a national revival in their own country as it was acknowledged in the Balfour Declaration of Nov. 2, 1917. He also acknowledges the General Assembly of the United Nations and how they adopted a resolution for the establishment of an independent Jewish State in Palestine on November 29, 1947. 6. This document is historically important because it reveals the mentality of the Jewish people after the British rule in Palestine ended and how they still continued to fight for their rights and freedoms as Jews in Palestine who were combating fierce persecution. Nahum Goldman German Reparations memoir (31) 1. December 1951-March 1952 and it was written by Nahum Goldmann who was a known Zionist and President of World Jewish Conference. 2. This piece is a memoir for the effects of the Holocaust on the Jewish people 3. In this memoir, the author is advocating for Germany to atone for the Holocaust and wanted it to be solely a moral atonement. There also was millions of dollars that had to be paid for the restitution of the individuals who were oppressed by the Nazi’s. It also states how Eisenhower got a lot of the credit for helping reshape Germany after the war. 4. This document was written because as a Zionist, Goldmann wanted atonement for his people after being persecuted for so long, so it brought in a personal aspect as well. It was his goal to let everyone know of the injustice that happened during WWII towards Jews and how there was a price that needed to be paid for it. 5. He speaks of how he moved Chancellor Adenauer with his speech for restitution. He says that nothing could ever be more than a gesture because “nothing could call the dead to life again”. He called for a meeting in New York on Januaryth,20 1952 which sparked another heated debate on the topic. 6. When looking at this document, it is important to understand the effects that the Nazi’s had on the Jewish culture, and that post war, those things were not just simply dropped but many conversations and millions of dollars had to go into trying for restitution. Ben-Gurion on the Capture of Adolf Eichmann (46) 1. May 24 and August 1960, David Ben-Gurion, his announcement in the Knesset of the capture and the start of the controversial and influential trial of Eichmann in Jerusalem, Ben-Gurion would be Israel’s first PM and an influential figure 2. Spoken in the Knesset and recorded? 3. Controversy of the extradition of Eichmann in Argentina, different opinions of Jewish populations in the US and Israel were running high and caused contention amongst one another, in a way Israel was “handed” the trial in their own nation (instead of the UN or early international tribunal instead of an Israeli court) to process nationally what occurred during the Holocaust and decide how to move forward with the case 4. (b) The capture of Eichmann was profound, and the trail surrounding Eichmann spanned two years and was about more than just him, “Eichmann's acts alone are not the main point in this trail. Historic justice and the honor of the Jewish people demand this trial”, Hitler couldn’t stand trail (in Jerusalem no less) so Eichmann would fill that role essentially as the head of the Gestapo that deported Jewish populations to concentration camps 5. Nauhum Goldmann (Founder/president of the World Jewish Congress) the Zionist who responded to Ben-Gurion (American), Law for the Punishment of Nazis and Nazi Collaborators, role of American Journalists/Jews 6. Essential in understanding the implications of the Eichmann trial to Israel and the differences that both Jewish populations and other allied powers had in through on whether Eichmann should be tried in Jerusalem or by an international tribunal court Brother Daniel Case (48) th 1. March 14th, November 19 , December th6, 1962 written by the Israeli Supreme Court. 2. This is a Supreme Court Ruling 3. In this ruling it describes whether Jews should be listed (or registered) by religion or ethnicity. The person involved in this case was a recent convert to Christianity and didn’t want to be listed as a Jew but the Supreme Court ruled that even though they converted religion, it didn’t change their Jewish status. 4. This case was written and even happened because it deals with the debate between ethnicity and religion and how to label people. In the Middle East, this is a very hotly debated topic because there is such a large assortment of people and different ethnic groups, religions, and ways to label and group people. 5. It explains that the convert talked about in the ruling went to a convent in 1942 and that is what converted him to Christianity. There is an identity card in paragraph 7 of the Registration of Inhabitants Ordinance where a person would have to mark their nationality as Jewish (if Jewish) 6. This document is important because it helps define how a person identifies when it comes to registering their ethnicity and religion. This topic is debated throughout the entire Middle East because it is such a deep and defining topic, to figure out how you fit in and where you identify. Eisenhower Doctrine (52) 1. January-March 1957, this document is directly by President Dwight Eisenhower (his Doctrine though was authorized by Congress, State was Secretary Dulles) 2. Doctrine (diplomatic) 3. Open ended aid to any ME country that requesting funding from the US, being authorized by congress, they were able to send economic and supply military aid to support ME governments with the goal of building alliances and icing the USSR out of the region 4. (b) this doctrine was Eisenhower’s direct response to USSR involvement in the region and more broadly a defense against a rise in global communism from the US by outspending and being more supportive in the ME 5. Military assistance/cooperation, UN Charter’s boundaries (being violated by overthrowing a country which comes to communism by peaceful means), American Protectorate over the ME 6. By December of 1958 the Doctrine was considered “dead” and did not prevent USSR involvement in the ME, and only threatened US military unilateralism, resulting in the opposite of what the Doctrine aimed to do UNSC 242 Six Day war (68) 1. November 22, 1967, written by the United Nations Security Council 2. This resolution was an effort to try and legislate a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict after the Six-Day war. 3. This document describes the affirms and requests of the United Nations Security Council. It is an effort to try and create peace between Israel and the rest of the Arab world, specifically Egypt after the horrible situation created in the Six Day War. The language used in the resolution made it easy to accept, but also inoperative by the vagueness. 4. This document was written to try and shed light on what happened in the Six-Day War as well as create resolutions and peace after the severe tensions that the war created in the June of 1967. It helped set the basis for the 1991 Madrid Middle East Peace Conference as well to smooth out tensions. 5. It italicizes the words expressing, emphasizing, affirms, and requests to try and shed light on the point they were trying to get across. It talks about how the UN commitment to act in accordance with Article 2 of the charter. It also states that they request that the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council. 6. This document is significant because it shows how the region tried to react to the Six-Day War and create peaceful relationships. It involves a lot of different nations and groups which shows their commitment to peace in the region and to recover after the disruption of borders and relationships that happened during the war. Israel's Road to Feminism (78) 1. 1973-2000, written by Hanna Herzog who is a professor of sociology at Tel Aviv University. 2. This is an analysis document looking at how Israel views the egalitarian society with regard to women. 3. In this document is addresses the different waves of feminism that washed through Israel. It explains the combination of both the Zionist movement and how it fought for socialism, but also the Israelis need for women in combat units. They were to help in the War of Independence. 4. This document was written to give more perspective on women’s roles in the Middle East as well as the effects of feminism within the region. It was written to try and give perspective on what was going on from a woman, on behalf of women in the Middle East. It helps advocate for equal rights for women in a society that was just beginning to recognize the importance of women in society. 5. It talks of hachsharot which is pioneer training camps that women from the Left used to try and enter the world as equals with men. It refers to the Black Panther movement that emerged in the 1970’s that helped encourage the radical idea of feminism within the Middle East. 6. This document is significant because it helps present different feminist and equality ideas. By writing this analysis paper, it helps shed light on the necessity of women in society and how the socialist ideas within Zionist movement and need for women in the military only contributed to the need. Camp David Accords (103) 1. September 17, 1978, at the end of the document, it shows the letters exchanged between Carter, Sadat, and Begin while negotiating peace treaties. 2. It is at first a document explaining what they are debating, as well as pointing to what the three men agreed upon. Later, it is their letters to each other 3. In the passage it explains how Egypt and Israel brokered together through the American’s camp called Camp David (hence the name of the accords). The Carter administration helped intercede and encourage the negotiations. This document explains how they were able to create peace after the tensions of the six-day war. 4. The purpose of this document is to show the US’s involvement in peace negotiations in the Middle East and how, specifically the Carter administration, took the initiative to try and create a safe spot for these negotiations to happen. 5. It refers to Resolutions 242 and 338 in document 86 which talks about efforts to settle the ArabIsraeli conflict through political means. It states exactly where the United Nations forces will be stationed (Sinai and the Sharm el-Sheikh area). It also has letters between Begin, Carter, and Sadat in September 1978. 6. This document is historically significant because it shows the importance of American involvement in the Middle East and how it seriously shaped the peace negotiations for the Israelites during their difficult relations with the Egyptians. Hezbollah Program (115) 1. February 16, 1985, 2. “open letter” Alice Miller Case (121) 1. November 8th, 1995, written by the Israel Supreme Court, and it is a case between Alice Miller and the Minister of Defense (Israeli Military). 2. It is a legal document that states the ruling made by the leading judge. 3. This document talks about the ruling made that was made in favor of Alice Miller. Previously, women were not allowed to join specialized forces in the Israeli Military. When the decision was made to let women join specialized forces, by going to different schools, it frustrated Alice Miller because she did not pass the preliminary exam. 4. This document was written because it allowed for women to join the special forces within the Israeli Military which was a huge victory for women’s rights, when previously those rights and liberties were restricted. It was a step in the right direction. 5. There is a citation of the relevant provisions from the Declaration of Independence; the Women’s Equal Rights Law; the Male and Female Workers (Equal Pay) Law; and the Equal opportunity in Employment Law. The decisions of the court raised the obiter dictum that was guaranteed in the Basic Law, The presenter of the Bill was Knesset Member Amnon Rubinstein 6. This document is important because it makes way for women’s rights to take a priority in court decisions in Israel. This is a topic that is still gaining prevalence but it helps the nation see the priority of equal opportunity for work for both men and women. Clinton Proposal (142) 1. December 23, 2000, President Clinton’s administration, no written text of the document was ever presented and instead it was verbally delivered and each side’s records written notes of the proposal were meticulously examined 2. Accords (diplomatic), verbal proposal for Clinton’s “peace plan” 3. The US directly worked with both Palestinian (PLO) and Israeli representatives as a mediator, addressed security Israel can maintain three facilities in the West Bank with a Palestinian liaison present (reviewed every ten years), with territory the West Bank will be territory of the Palestinians (94-96% Palestinian), land swaps between the two parties “there are creative ways of doing this that should address Palestinian and Israeli needs and concerns”, Jerusalem will have international monitoring and determines different regional control in the city, the US is prepared to lead an international effort to aid refugees in this process 4. (b) Camp David summit in July 2000 failed, violence between Israelis and Palestinians was growing again, negations at Bolling Air Force Base in DC, PM Ehud Barak’s decline in power put the gas on as well 5. Annexation, resettlement, two-state solution 6. Although they failed, important step again in getting both parties to the table to productively participate in negotiations, Clinton’s plan is considered a baseline for productive diplomacy in the the future and the pre-determined floor for the next administration’s negotiations Arab Peace Initiative (145) 1. This was written on March 28, 2002 by the Arab League who adopted the peace plan. 2. The document is a peace plan that was initiated by the Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz 3. In this plan it shows and offers Israel normal relations with the rest of the Arab nations to pull back from the territories it gained in 1967. However, through its boldness, it did not create any momentum because of the deadly bombings that were taking place in Israel. 4. The purpose of the plan was to try and create a new relationship between the Israelites and everyone else, and to try and create solutions from the Palestinian terror that was taking place. However, because of its inability to gain momentum, the peace plan fell flat and the tensions continued afterwards. 5. It mentions both Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 which are stated preciously in the book (documents 68 and 86). It also points to territories occupied by Israel since 1967 including Syrian Golan Heights. It also requests that the Chairman of the Summit to form a special committee with some concerned member states, as well as the Secretary General of the League of Arab States. 6. This document is significant because it shows that the Arab League was pursuing its own interests, but also pursuing peace with Israel. This is unusual because for so long relationships between Israel and really, any other country in the Middle East were so poor, so the fact that a peace plan was created, even if it meant the loss of territories for Israel. Bush Peace Plan (147) 1. After President George W. Bush’s address in 2002, calling for a peaceful resolution, the US Department of State under Secretary Colin Powell and Foreign Service Officer Donald Blome drafted the roadmap over six months. The roadmap was presented to the Quartet— the United States, European Union, Russia, and United Nations— and was readily approved. This document was entirely written by Bush’s administration and under his State Department with neither Jewish nor Arab representation directly taking part in the plan’s creation. 2. The “roadmap” is a 3-step diplomatic plan with different benchmarks to measure progress and steps timed for different period in its implementation. 3. Called for reform in the shape of a two-state solution, presented three different stages to that would work to remove Israeli settlement from the West Bank and Gaza Strip, form borders for two separate nations and Jerusalem, promote free and fair Palestinian elections, and eventually establish permanent, internationally recognized borders for Palestine. 4. (a) This document was written by the Bush administration as both a response to former President Clinton’s peace plan and the Arab Peace Initiative at the time. 5. West Bank/Gaza Strip occupation, the Quartet (UN, US, EU, Russia), Palestinian Authority 6. crucial step into reconciliation after the Oslo Accords and a step into future peace talks for Israelis and Palestinians. When President Bush left office in 2009 the main concerns remained unsolved, including the permanent status of occupied territories in the West bank, ongoing expansion of Israeli settlements, an exponential growth in Palestinian terrorism, and the establishment of permeant Israeli borders. President Obama would acquire these issues and again begin the development of his own Middle East peace plan building on the work of his predecessors with a hope to achieve the highly sought after “peace”.