Chapter 4 Exam

Chapter 4 Homeostasis - condition when the body is working their best. Metabolism - physical and chemical processes must be working at a steady level. Human body divided into ten systems: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Integumentary Musculoskeletal Nervous Circulatory Respiratory Urinary Gastrointestinal Endocrine Reproductive Immune and lymphatic *organs are made of tissue *Largest organ is the skin ● ● Protects the body from bacteria and organs Sense organ feeling hot and cold Dilate - widen when temp is too hot Constrict - narrow when temp is cold *resident skin should be observed: ● ● ● ● ● ● Pale red or purple skin Blister Tingling or warmth Drying or flaking skin Itching or scratching Swelling Atrophy - muscle waste away decrease in size and becomes weak due to lack of activity Contracture - develop the muscle or tendons shorten. Autoimmune illness - causes the body to attack normal tissue in the body. Rheumatoid arthritis - affects people of any age and joints become red, swollen and very painful. ● Fever fatigue and weight loss are symptoms Arthritis often treated: ● ● ● ● Medication such as aspirin or ibuprofen Apply heat to reduce swelling and pain Range of motion exercise Diet to reduce weight. Osteoarthritis - occur with aging or result in injury ● ● Hips and knees and finger and spine Pain and stiffness increase in cold weathers Osteoporosis - bones lose density Menopause - occurs when women have not had a period of 12 months nad symptoms are lower back hurts and stooped posture and become shorter over time. Partial weight- bearing - can support one or both legs Non-weight-bearing - unable to touch the floor or support any wieght Full weight-bearing - can 100% walk and bear weight ● ● Hip cannot be bent or flexed 90 degrees Abduction pillow may be used for 6-12 weeks after surgeries while resident are sleeping Report any of these to nurse: ● Redness drainage bleeding or warmth Total knee replacement - surgical removal of the knee with a prosthetic knee. Knee replacement: ● ● Special stocking to prevent blood clot with air filled sleeve device that hook into leg Anti-embolic stocking is another Nervous system - give information to the brain from the outside of the body. Central nervous system - composed of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system - outer part of the body via the nerve that extends through the body. CVA / stroke - occur when blood supply to a part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or reuture Hemiplegia - paralysis on one side of the body. Hemiparesis - weakness on one side of the body Expressive aphasia - trouble communicating though through speech or writing Receptive aphasia - difficulty understanding spoken or written Emotional lability - inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses such as crying and anger Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing Paraplegia - people with head and spinal cord injuries Quadriplegia - loss function of leg, truck and arms Glaucoma - pressure in the eye increase ● ● Occur and cause pain, nausea, and vomiting Treated eye drops and other medication and surgeries. Hypertension - high blood pressure Diuretics - medication that reduce fluid in the body Coronary artery - disease occur in the blood vessel and become narrow ● Supply of blood to the heart muscle and deprives it of oxygen and nutrients Angina pectoris - heart not getting enough oxygen and causing chest pain and discomfort. Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and other disorder may be damage heart Peripheral vascular disease - a disease in which legs, feet and arms don't get enough circulation. Respiration - body taking oxygen and removing carbon dioxide Inspiration - breathing out Expiration - eliminating carbon dioxide and produce oxygen Urinary system has two function: ● ● Waste products created by cells Maintains water balance in body Gastrointestinal ● ● ● Digestion - process of preparing food physically and chemically so it can be absorbed into cells Absorption - transfer nutrients from intestine to the cell Elimination - process that waste in the body that is not absorbed. Fecal incontinence - bowel leading to an involuntary passage of stool Fecal impaction - hard stool that stuck hemorrhoids - enlarge veins in the rectum *Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - chronic condition in which the liquid content of the stomach backs up to the esophagus. ● ● Serve evening meal after 3-4hrs before bedtime Resident should stay up 2-3hrs after eating Ostomy - surgical creation of an opening from an area inside to outside. Stoma - opening ● May be necessary due to bowel disease, cancer and trauma. Colostomy - large intestine that was performed Glands - organ that produce and secrete chemical Hormones - chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions. Function of the endocrine system: ● ● ● ● ● ● Maintain homeostasis through hormone secretion Influence growth and development Maintain blood sugar level Regulate level of calcium and phosphate in body Regulate the body's ability to reproduce. Determine how fast cells burn food for energy Diabetes - when pancreas produce to little insulin or does not properly use insulin Insulin - hormone that work to move glucose or natural sugar from blood to cell for energy for the body Type 1 diabetes - diagnosed in children and young adults pre - diabetes - person blood glucose are above normal but not too high Gestational diabetes - pregnant women that have never had diabetes but have high blood sugar People who have diabetes sign and symptoms: ● ● ● ● ● Excessive thirst Extreme hunger Frequent urination Tingling or numbness in hands or feet Feel tired much of time Gronads - sex glands Lymphatic system - remove excess fluid and waste product from body tissue Lymph - clear, yellow fluid that carries disease- fighting cells Tumor - a group of abnormal cells growing Cancer treatment combined: ● Surgery ● Chemotherapy ● Radiation therapy ● Targeted therapy ● Immunotherapy