Antibiotic Chart

Antibiotic Group Action Spectrum/Static/ Cidic Structure Target Penicillins (True) Inhibits cell wall synthesis --V + G = narrow spectrum: gram pos. only --ampicillin = gram neg: H. Influenzae, Salmonella spp. + S. dysentariae --Blocks enzyme G + V = true; that catalyzes others = transpeptidation semisynthetic --bride formation --acts on growing bacteria only x Cephlasporins (True: fungus – acremonium (cephlasporium) Carbapenem Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum – used when patients are allergic to pencillin x Broad spectrum: Penem: penicillin + cephlasporin hybrid drug 4 categories based on spectrum activity x x Inhibits cell wall synthesis x x Vancomycin (True: streptomyoces orintalis) Inhibits cell well synthesis --6aminpenicillanic acid deritvatives + differ in side chain attached to amino group --Beta-Lactam ring (5 ring) --Similar to penicillin --Beta-Lactam ring (6 ring) --B-lactam w/ substitution of a carbon atom (-carba) for a sulfur atom --double bond on the pentane ring = pentene ring (-penem) -glycopeptide x --Inhibits transpeptidation of gram pos ONLY --inhibits removal 5th AA Antibiotics/ Bacteria --staphlococcus, clostridium, bacillus, streptococcus, enterococcus Side Effects Vancomyosin resistant enterococcus (VRE) - lethal Unique / Extra Info --Penicillin resistant organisms produce Betalactamase or penicillinase --autolysins, murein hydrolases, holins Resistant: N. gonnorrhoeea + Enterobacteriace a HAI x --Treament for resistant staphylococcal and enterococcal infections --previously: drug D-Alanine Bind to 30S, inhibiting protein elongation by interfering mRNA reading Aminoglycosides (True: S., K., N., = Streptomyces. G., = micromonospora purpurea) Protein synthesis inhibitors Bactericidal Tetracyclines (O. + C. are True = Streptomyces spp., rest are Semisynthetic) Protein synthesis inhibitors --Broadspectrum: intracellular 4-ring structure pathogens: Rikettsias, + variety of side Chlamydiea, + mycoplasmas chains --Bacteriostatic Macroglides Protein synthesis inhibitors --Erythomycin: broad spectrum and bacteriostatic: gram pos, some gram neg, and mycoplasma 12- to 22carbon lactone ring Lincosamides (True: Streptomyces lincolnensis) Protein synthesis inhibitors Broad spectrum: anaerobes x Binds to 23S rRNA subunit of 50S bacterial ribosome Chloamphenicol Protein --first broad spectrum x Bind to 23S on Cyclohexane ring + amino sugars Combines w/ 30s ribosomal subunit and inhibits binding of aminoacyltRNA molecules to A site Bind to 23S of 50S subunit; inhibits peptide chain elongation --Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Neomycin --Gentamycin: treat gram neg: Proteus, Eshcerichia, Klebsiella, Serratia Oxytetracycline + Chloretetracycline Toxic: allergies, loss of balance, + renal damage Black teeth --Erythomycin, x Azithromycin used to treat chlamydia (intracellular) Used sparingly --Clindamycin: infections caused bc can by Bacteroides indirectly cause fragiles, staph growth of C. and streptococcal difÏcile > C. diff. infection (CDI) infections --treat CA-MRSA, not FDA approved x HELLA toxic: of last resort x --treat acne --Resistant: Vibro Cholera Used when patients are allergic to Pencillin x Only used in life (first produced by synthesis Streptomyces inhibitors Venezuela not is chemically synthesized) antibiotic --bacteriostatic against most gram pos and many gram neg anaerobes --bacteriocidal to sensitive bacteria Oxazolidinones (synthetic) Protein synthesis inhibitors Bacteriostatic Heterocyclic 5 membered ring Sulfonamides/ sulfa drugs Metabolic antagonis t x Trimethoprim (synthetic) Metabolic antagonis t Broad spectrum Flouroquinolone s (synthetic) Nucleic acid synthesis Broad spectrum + bacteriocidal --effective against enteric 50S inhibiting peptidyl transferase. Also bind to mitochondrial ribosome (erthropoietic cells) 23S of 50S before start of protein synthesis. Doesn’t allow for formation for 70S initiation complex p-aminobenzoic Competitive acid (PABA) inhibition of folic acid enzymes (PABA makes FA) x Combine w Sulfa, (Bactrim) --blocks two steps in FA pathway [synergism] 4-quinolon ring Inhibiting bacterial DNAgyrase and Works against MRSA, vancomycin resistant enterococci, pencillin resistant S. pneumoniae + some gram pos anaerobes aplastic anemia, leukemia, neurotoxin rxns. --not allowed in food producing animals Very few, ONLY used in hospitals threatening situations Kinda like last resort drug bc works against so many resistant strains Selectively toxic Can work against some protozoa Bactrim --Nalidixic acid: first synthesized --Norfloxacin: Variety: abdominal paint and photosensitivity reactions x x --prescribed for UTI’s --9 approved for Rifamycin (semisynthetic) inhibition bacteria, gram pos and neg Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition Rifampin: --Against gram pos, some gram net, and Mycobacterium spp. --multidrug treatment of Tuberculosis (resistant is fast) --used alone for prophylaxis of close patients w/ meningococcal meningitis or Haemophilus influenza type b meningitis topoisomerase IV (type 2 topoisomerase) Blocks transcription by binding to RNA polymerase (Beta-subunit) first used for human use x human use Red sweat and urine = harmless x