ATI Pediatric Lab Values

Pediatric Laboratory Values: While lab values vary slightly according to the source, knowing an average range for the following common lab tests will be very helpful to you when answering questions. Test Age/Gender/Reference Normal Ranges Conventional Units Acetaminophen Toxic concentration >200 mcg/ml Carbon Dioxide Cord 14-22 mEq/l Premature 1 week 14-27 mEq/l Newborn 13-22 mEq/l Infant, child 20-28 mEq/l Cord 96-104 mEq/l Newborn 97-110 mEq/l Child 98-106 mEq/l Chloride Conjugated direct Bilirubin Creatinine Digoxin 0.0-0.2 mg/dl Cord 0.6-1.2 mg/dl Newborn 0.3-1.0 mg/dl Infant 0.2-0.4 mg/dl Child 0.3-0.7 mg/dl Adolescent 0.5-1.0 mg/dl Toxic concentration >2.5 ng/ml Glucose (Serum) Newborn, 1 day 40 to 60 mg/dl Newborn, > 1 day 50 to 90 mg/dl Child 60 to 100 mg/dl 1 day 48-69% 2 day 48-75% 3 day 44-72% 2 month 28-42% 6-12 year 37-49% 12-18 year Male 37-49% 12-18 year Female 36-46% 1-3 day 14.5-22.5 g/dl 2 month 9.0-14.0 g/dl 6-12 years Male 13.0-16.0 g/dl 6-12 years Female 12.0-16.0 g/dl Newborn 100-250 mcg/dl Infant 40-100 mcg/dl Child 50-120 mcg/dl Fatally poisoned child >1800 mcg/dl Platelets Newborn (after 1 wk, same as adults) 84-478 x 10 3/mm3 (ul) Potassium Newborn 3.0-6.0 mEq/l Hematocrit Hemoglobin Iron Serum Child 3.5-5.0 mEq/l Salicylates Therapeutic 15-30 mg/dl Sodium Newborn 134-146 mEq/l Infant 139-146 mEq/l Child 136-145 mEq/l Birth 9.0-30.0 24 hour 9.4-34.0 1 month 5.0-19.5 1-3 years 6.0-17.5 4-7 years 5.5-15.5 8-13 years 4.5-13.5 Leukocyte count (WBC count) Expected Blood Pressure Ranges for Both Girls andf Boys: Ages Girls Systolic Girls Diastolic Boys Systolic Boys Diastolic 1 year 83-114 38-67 80-114 34-66 3 years 86-117 47-76 86-120 44-75 6 years 91-122 54-83 91-125 53-84 10 years 98-129 59-88 97-130 58-90 16 years 108-138 64-93 111-145 63-94 Average Temperature Ranges: Birth to 1 year (Axillary) 36.5 to 37.2 C (97.7 to 98.9 F) 1 to 12 years (Oral) 36.7 to 37.7 C (98.1 to 99.9 F) 12 years and older (Oral) 36.6 to 36.7 C (97.8 t 98.0 F) Average Resting Heart Rates: Birth to 1 week 100-160/min with brief fluctuations above and below this range, depending on activity level (crying, sleeping). 1 week to 3 months 100 to 220/min 3 months to 2 years 80 to 150/min 2 to 12 years 70 to 110/min 12 years and older 70 to 110/min Average Resting Respiratory Rates: Newborn 30 to 60/min with short periods of apnea (less than 15 seconds) Newborn to 1 year 30/min 1 to 2 years 25 to 30/min 2 to 6 years 21 to 24/min 6 to 12 years 19 to 21/min 12 years and older 16 to 18/min Pain Assessment by Age: Age Pain tool 2 months – 7 years FLACC 3 years and older Faces 3 years to 13 years Oucher 5 years and older Numeric Scale 3 to 18 years Non-communicating Children’s Pain Checklist Family Composition: Type Members Traditional Nuclear Married couple and their biological children (full brothers and full sisters). Nuclear Two parents and their children (biologic, adoptive, step, foster. Single-parent One parent and one or more children Blended (also called Reconstituted) At least one stepparent, stepsibling, or half-sibling Extended At least one parent, one child, and other individuals either related or not Gay/Lesbian Two members of the same sex who have children and a legal or common-law tie Foster A child or children who have been placed in an approved living environment away from the family of origin - usually one or two parents Binuclear Parents who have terminated spousal roles but continue their parenting roles Communal Individuals who share common ownership of property and goods and exchange services without monetary considerations. Stressors in Hospitalized Children: Age Stressors Behaviors Interrupted routines Parental separation Infant Lack of stimulation Toddler Poor feedings Irritability Crying Altered sleep patterns Interrupted routines Separation from parents Protest stage (Crying, fighting, tantrums) Despair stage Loss of control Developmental regression Fear of being hurt Refusal to eat, sleep pattern disturbance Passiveness Pain/bodily injury Pre-Schoolers Separation from parents Loss of control Withdrawal Poor appetite Sleep disturbances Magical thinking Bed wetting Guilty feelings Fear of pain School Age Children Loss of control Body image changes Falling behind in school Missing school friends Body image changes Adolescents Self-concept disturbances Social isolation Personal identity issues Decreased self esteem Anxiety Fearfulness, stalling, bargaining Stoicism, boredom, withdrawal, sleep disturbances Acting out, anger, crying Anger Aggression Demanding Frustration Withdrawal Stages of Development: Infant (Birth to 1 year) Theorist Type of Development Stage Erikson Psychosocial Trust vs. mistrust Freud Psychosocial Oral Piaget Cognitive Sensorimotor Toddler (12 months to 3 years) Theorist Type of Development Stage Erikson Psychosocial Autonomy vs shame Freud Psychosocial Anal Piaget Cognitive Sensorimotor transition to preoperational Pre-schooler (3 to 5 years) Theorist Type of Development Stage Erikson Psychosocial Initiative vs guilt Freud Psychosocial Phallic Piaget Cognitive preoperational School-Aged (5 to 12 years) Theorist Type of Development Stage Erikson Psychosocial Industry vs inferiority Freud Psychosocial Latency Piaget Cognitive Concrete operations Adolescents (12 to 18 years) Theorist Type of Development Stage Erikson Psychosocial Identify vs role confusion Freud Psychosocial Genital Piaget Cognitive Formal operations Current Immunization Schedule and Immunization catch up schedule: More test taking tips! Tips on Delegation A nursing assistant can perform tasks such as taking vital signs, range of motion exercises, bathing, bed making, obtaining urine specimens, enemas, and blood glucose monitoring. Nursing assistants cannot interpret results or perform any task beyond the skill level of the certification they received. The PN is managed under the supervision of the RN. Certain higher level skills can be delegated after competency has been established by the RN (e.g., dressing changes or suctioning). Use What You Know Students have a tendency to focus on what they know rather than on what they know. The ramifications of this mental approach are devastating. When you focus on your lack of knowledge about a particular topic, you are likely to become anxious and start guessing or changing answers. There is also a carry-over effect that can reduce your ability to answer the items that follow the item causing you distress. You might start losing confidence. When that happens, suddenly the test begins controlling you. You should pause, take a deep breath, try to relax, and move on. Stay focused. Words of Magnitude Read the question and options closely for words asking about direction or magnitude. For instance, stop and concentrate on the terms versus ; versus ; versus ; versus ; and versus . It is common to misread these terms by simply skimming over them too quickly. This week’s drug tips: Antigout Medications - What is gout? Gout is a type of arthritis. In healthy people, the body breaks down dietary purines and produces uric acid. The uric acid dissolves and is excreted via the kidneys. In individuals affected with gout, the body either produces too much uric acid or is unable to excrete enough uric acid, and it builds up. High uric acid levels results in urate crystals which can now collect in joints or tissues. This causes severe pain, inflammation, and swelling. Treatment is both lifestyle adjustment and medication. Medications First Line: NSAIDs and prednisone (Deltasone) Purpose: Used as a first line defense to treat the pain and inflammation of gout attacks. Colchicine (Colgout): Purpose: Treat the inflammation and pain associated with gout. Just like NSAIDs, these meds can lead to GI distress and should be taken with foods. HINT: The word gout is right in the name Colgout. Allopurinol (Zyloprim): Purpose: This is the only medical preventative treatment for gout. Allopurinal prevents uric acid production. This can be an effective means of preventing gout attacks when diet alone is not effective. HINT: Examine the name allopurinol and you can see the word PURINE in the middle of the name. Note: There are many drug and food interactions associated with allopurinol: Potential serious interactions with the use of saliscylates, loop diuretics, phenylbutazone, and alcohol and potential for drug interactions with Warfarin (Coumadin). Teach client with gout to avoid the following: · Anchovies, sardine in oil, fish roe, herring · Yeast · Organ meat (liver, kidneys, sweetbreads) · Legumes (dried beans and peas) · Meat extracts (gravies and consommé) · Mushrooms, spinach, asparagus, cauliflower Anti-reabsorptives What is anati-reabsorptive? Bone is a living organ which is continually being removed (resorbed) and rebuilt. Osteoporosis develops when there is more resorption than rebuilding. Antiresorptive medications are designed to slow bone removal and or improve bone mass. Treating and preventing osteoporosis can involve lifestyle changes and sometimes medication. Lifestyle change includes diet and exercise, and fall prevention. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis involve medications that work by preventing bone breakdown or promote new bone formation. Medications Bisphosphonates prevent the loss of bone mass Alendronate (Fosamax) Monthly used to treat and prevent osteoporosis in menopausal women. Facts: The benefits of Fosamax can even be seen in elderly women over 75 years of age. Hint: Fosamax has been associated with severe esophagitis and ulcers of the esophagus. Should be avoided in clients with history of gastric ulcers. Risedronate (Actonel): This is a newer drug and less likely to cause esophageal irritation Hint: Teach clients taking either drug to take on an empty stomach with at least 8 ounces (240 ml) of water, while sitting or standing. This minimizes the chances of the pill being lodged in the esophagus. Clients should also remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking these pills to avoid reflux in the esophagus. For those clients who cannot tolerate the esophagus side effects of Fosamax, estrogen, etidronate (Didronel), and calcitonin are possible alternatives. Teriparatide (Forteo): It acts like parathyroid hormone and stimulates osteoblasts, thus increasing their activity. Promotes bone formation. Facts: This drug is associated with a risk of bone tumors so is only used when the benefits outweigh the risks. Antirheumatics What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease that results in inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. RA affects the lining of the joints and the painful swelling can result in bone erosion and joint deformities. It is the small joints in hands and feet that are most often affected. Treatment is designed to provide symptom relief and some delay in progression of the disorder but not a cure. Medications Disease-modifying Antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), glucocorticoids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used individually or in combination to manage this chronic disorder. The major categories of antirheumatics are: DMARDs I – Major Nonbiologic DMARDs · Cytotoxic medications: Methotrexate (Rheumatrex), leflunomide (Arava) · Antimalarial agents: Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) · Anti-inflammatory medication: Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) · Tetracycline antibiotic: Minocycline (Minocin) DMARDs II – Major Biologic DMARDs · Etanercept (Enbrel) · Infliximab (Remicade) · Adalimumab (Humira) · Rituximab (Rituxan) · Abatacept (Orencia) DMARDs III – Minor nonbiologic and biologic DMARDs · Gold salts: Aurothioglucose (Solganal) · Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) · Cytotoxic medications: Azathioprine (Imuran), cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Gengraf, Neoral) · Glucocorticoids: · Prednisone (Deltasone), prednisolone (Prelone) NSAIDs Hints: DMARDs slow joint degeneration and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Glucocorticoids and NSAIDs provide symptom relief from inflammation and pain. Rheumatrex( methotrexate) is the most commonly used DMARD. This is because it has been shown to work as well or better than any other single medicine. It is also relatively inexpensive and generally safe. Methotrexate has many food and drug interactions especially affect digoxin and phenytoin. Very difficult to absorb and should be taken on an empty stomach. Taking folic acidhelps reduce some of the side effects. Methotrexate's biggest advantage could be that it has been shown to be safe to take for long periods of time and can even be used in children. Antineoplastics Antineoplastics are used combat cancerous cells. There are many kinds of anti-cancer drugs with a variety of actions. But in simple terms this category of drugs attacks cells that multiply and divide. This very action which can kill cancer cells can also do the same to healthy dividing cells. This is especially true of cells that need a steady supply of new cells such as skin, hair, and nails. There are over 90 different kinds of chemotherapy agents and different drugs cause different side effects Chemotherapy is associated with a variety of side effects: § Nausea and vomiting § Diarrhea and or constipation § Alopecia § Anorexia § Fatigue and exhaustion § Mouth sores § Easy bruising Medications Fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil, 5-FU) Warning - Hazardous drug! 5-FU is one of the oldest chemotherapy drugs and is used against a variety of cancers. Following are some of the most common and important ill effects: · Soreness of the mouth, difficulty swallowing · Diarrhea · Stomach pain · Low platelets · Anemia · Sensitive skin (to sun exposure) · Excessive tear formation from the eyes Nursing Hints: Be aware of the importance of leucovorin rescue with fluorouracil therapy, if prescribed. · The best treatment for extravasation is prevention. · Extravasation can cause pain, reddening, or irritation on the arm with the infusion needle. In severe cases in can lead to tissue necrosis and even loss of an extremity. · Check infusion site frequently · Stop infusion immediately if suspected · Slowly aspirate back blood back from the arm · Elevate arm and rest in elevated position · Check institution policies on how to remove catheter Oral hypoglycemics What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disorder that affects glucose metabolism. Type 1 diabetes: The client either makes no insulin or not enough insulin. Type 2 diabetes: The client makes enough insulin at least early in the disease but is unable to transport glucose from the blood into the cells. In both cases, the individual is unable to metabolize glucose. The purpose of oral hypoglycemics is to assist with glucose metabolism. Medications There are four classes of hypoglycemic drugs: · Sulfonylureas Tolbutamide (Orinase); glyburide; Micronase Stimulates insulin production Associated with weight gain · Biguanide: Metformin o First line drug in type 2 diabetes o Reduces the production of glucose within the liver o Associated with modest weight loss o Less likely to cause hypoglycemia. o Significant lipid-lowering activity. · Thiazolidinediones o Reverses insulin resistance o Increases glucose uptake and decreased glucose production o Associated with severe liver damage · Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. o Acarbose (Precose) o Reduces the absorption of dietary glucose o Associated with flatulence and diarrhea Hints: No matter which class the client will be taking there is always the risk of hypoglycemia Be sure to teach client how to recognize early signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia as well as appropriate interventions.