University:
Widener University
Course:
ESSC 103 | Intriduction To Earth Science
Academic year:

2023
Views:

253

Pages:

1
Author:

Daniella Shaffer

END-OF-TERM EXAM 1. (15%) Compare and contrast qualitatively the seasonal changes in the vertically aver aged meridional ﬂux of sensible heat by transient and stationary eddies in the Northern Hemisphere. 2. (15%) (a) Deﬁne “inertial subrange.” (b) How do you expect the zonal wind spectrum to depend on wave number in an inertial subrange? (c) What zonal scales dominate the observed Northern Hemisphere midlatitude spec trum of transient eddy meridional sensible heat transport at 850 hPa? 3. (15%) State the modiﬁed form of the Eliassen-Palm Theorem for a quasi-geostrophic system when forcing by the eddy moisture ﬂux is taken into account. 4. (15%) Give Lorenz’s deﬁnition of available potential energy. 5. (15%) Describe qualitatively how the Lorenz energy cycle changed in Phillips’s (1956) numerical experiment when eddies were introduced. 6. (25%) (a) Assume that the zonal mean annual mean planetary albedo and thermal emissions to space are independent of latitude, and that the zonal mean annual mean inci dent solar radiation is described by [Q] = S0 4 (1+S2 P2 ), where P2 = 12 (3x2 1), x = sine of the latitude and S0 and S2 are constants. Use the equilibrium equation which relates the total dynamical transport of heat across a latitude belt (atmo sphere plus oceans), F (x), to the net radiative heating at the top of the atmo sphere, [R], and show that the latitude where F (x) peaks is independent of S0 and S2 . (b) How does the latitude you found for the peak in F (x) in part (a) compare with the observed peak?