Measurement and Data Collection in Applied Behavior Analysis

ABA 740 Question A feature of an event that can be measured is called a(n) All of the following are measurable dimensional If you are interested in amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher has given an instruction you would measure _________________. The force or intensity of a behavioral response is called The procedure of observing and recording behavior during intervals or at specific moments in time is called ___________. A procedure that can be used to measure a continuous behavior such as academic engagement is _____________________. All of the following behaviors could be assessed using natural permanent product measurement except: Permanent product measurement may be more accurate, complete, and continuous for all of the following reasons except: A teacher is interested in measuring the engagement of groups of students at certain times of the day. An appropriate measurement procedure for this would be _________________ measurement facilitates data collection for interobserver agreement and treatment integrity. A procedure that allows for the simultaneously recording of multiple behaviors across multiple dimensions is called ______________. Measurement is the process of applying qualitative labels to events. The number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance is called trials-to-criterion. A feature of data that appears to exist because of the way the data is measured or examined is called an artifact. The amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class is called response latency. One benefit of measurement is that it helps practitioners verify the legitimacy of different treatments. Measurement is ___________ when it yields the same values across repeated measurement of the same event. Measurement __________________ are data that give an unwarranted or misleading picture of the behavior because of the way measurement was conducted. __________________ _____________ is the biggest threat to the accuracy and reliability of data. Observer _____________ is an unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation. _______________ ____________________ is the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events. Which is a false statement about the requirements of IOA? Measurement that is _____________ , ________________, and reliable yields the most trustworthy and useful data for science and science-based practices Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to measurement error? Measurement bias caused by observer expectations can be avoided by using _______ observers. __________________ ______ ___________________ between observers is the most common convention for reporting IOA in ABA. Scored – interval IOA is recommended for behaviors that occur at relative _________frequencies; unscored – interval IOA is recommended for behaviors that occur at relative _____________frequencies. Measurement is accurate when observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event. Observers should not receive systematic training prior to data collection because training will cause observer bias. Answer Dimension Topography Response latency Magnitude Time sampling Whole interval Raising hand in class The behavior definitions are more precise Planned activity check Direct observation Computer-assisted False True True False True Reliable Artifacts Human error Drift Interobserver Agreement (IOA) IOA observers must always score videotapes together Valid, accurate Well-trained observers Naïve Percentage of Agreement Low, high True False Observers should receive feedback about the extent to which their data confirm or run counter to hypothesized results or treatment goals. True values for some behaviors (e.g., compliance) are difficult because the process for determining true value must be different from the measurement procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to compare to the true value. A mean of 80% agreement means the data are accurate. Behavior change is considered a ________ and _______ process, therefore it is important to maintain direct and continuous contact with the behavior under investigation. _____________ are relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables. The three fundamental properties of behavior illustrated on a graph include: Graphs are considered a _______________ _______________; devices that help the practitioner or experimenter interpret the results of a study or treatment. The __________ graph is the most common graphic format for displaying data in applied behavior analysis. Bar graphs sacrifice the presentation of the ____________ and ___________ in behavior. On a cumulative record the steeper the slope, ____________ the response rate. Logarithmic scales are well suited to display and communicate ______________________ change. This type of graph provides a standardized means of charting and analyzing how the frequency of behavior changes over time. Precision teaching focuses on ________________ rather than the specific frequency of correct and incorrect responses. Behavior analysts typically use _________________ ____________________ to interpret graphically displayed data lue on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavior measures converge is called ______________. The overall direction taken by a data path is its __________________. Graphs are not considered an effective source of feedback to the person whose behavior change is represented. A cumulative record should be used if the target behavior can only occur once per measurement period. You should always connect data points on a line graph, even if there is a condition change line. Overall response rate refers to the average rate of response over a given time period. If you believe the data on a graph are distorted by the scaling of the axes you should replot the data on a new graph before continuing with visual analysis. The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possible dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence. A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 15 seconds). At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred through A two-phase experimental design consisting of a pre-treatment baseline condition (a) followed be a treatment condition (B). The variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior. (See target behavior; compare with ind The particular type and sequence of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence (or different values) of the independent variable can be made. The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. In applied behavior analysis, it is usually an environmental event or A wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behavior of individual subjects. Can be considered the most frequently used design in behavio The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior. False True False Dynamic, on-going Graphs Level, trend, variability Judgmental aid Line Variability, trends The higher Proportional Standard Celeration Chart Celeration Visual analysis Level Trend False True False True True Three-term contingency whole-interval AB design Dependent variable Experimental design Independent variable Single-subject design Applied behavior analysis Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity (see baseline logic, prediction, verification.) (b) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiment Occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation. Occurs when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than direct measurement because inferences about the relation between the data obtained and the actual behavior of interest are require An experimental design in which two or more conditions (one of which may be a no treatment control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (e.g., on alternating sessions or days) independent of the level of responding; differences in re This person is considered to be the founder of experimental analysis of behavior. In changing criterion design each phase of the design provides a ______ for the following phase. An experimental design used to evaluate the effects of treatment in a graduated or stepwise fashion for a single behavior. Uses prediction and replication to show experimental control. ______ ______is used to document the amount of time a student spends engaging in a behavior An experiment has a high degree of _______ when the experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables. Time from end of the cue to the beginning of a movement cycle The observer looks up and records whether a behavior occurs or does not occur at the very end of the interval The observer is interested in behavior that occurs or not in any part of the interval and that the behavior usually does not consume the entire interval. The extent to which a measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact with the same state of nature. Most basic experimental design in single case research. examines effects of intervention by alternating the baseline condition (A) with the intervention condition (B). The A and B phases are repeated again to complete four phases. Making and testing predi The degree to which a study's findings have generality to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors. A relationship in which one variable changes systematically according to the value of another. Generalization The spread of effect from a particular stimulus to other stimuli that share common elements. The specific behavior selected for change Objective, Clear, Complete Experimental designs that combine multipe baselne, reversal, and/or alternating treatment tactics can also provide the basis for comparing the effects of two or more independent variables Any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by "reversing" responding to a level obtained in a previous condition A situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase An experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other beh Measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects that the behavior produced on the environment Obtained by combining observation time with a tally of the number of occurrences of behavior. Ratio of count per observation time. This design can be used to evaluate the effects of a treatment on the gradual or stepwise improvement of a behavior already in the subject’s repertoire. The number of times a behavior occurs. Frequency is the dimension of measurement one should select when you wan to answer the question "How many times". In a single-subject experiment, each treatment is repeated at least once for each subject and behavior is measured. This helps establish the reliability of the results obtained from a single-subject experiment. Replication Direct measurement Indirect measurement Alternating treatments design B.F. Skinner Baseline Changing criterion design Duration recording Internal validity Latency Momentary Time Sample Partial interval recording Reliability ABAB Design External validity Functional Relationship Target Behavior Component Analysis reversal design Irreversibility Multiple baseline design Permanent product Rate Changing criterion design Frequency Intrasubject replication Often make between group comparisons Typically take “snap shots” of behavior (E.g., pre-test, post-test). Rely primarily on statistical analysis An assessment administered occasionally during single-case investigation. One group receives treatment and the other does not. Large Group research results Probe Group Design