University:
Amherst College
Course:
BIOL 220 | Developmental Biology
Academic year:

2011
Views:

48

Pages:

9
Author:

Taylor Watkins

Female enforcement Conflict of interests between the sexes regarding care of offspring, opportunities for additional matings Female untethered Female tethered burying beetle < 6 min > 6 min Duration of male pheromone emission Extra-pair copulations -1 .0 0.9 1 -0 .90 0.8 1 -0 .80 0.7 1 -0 .70 0.6 1 -0 .60 0.5 1 -0 .50 0.4 1 -0 .40 0.3 1 -0 .30 0.2 1 0.1 1 0.0 superb fairy wren -0 .20 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -0 .10 tree swallow Number of broods In some species, >50% offspring are extra-pair young Proportion of extra-pair young (EPY) 50-90% EPY (avg. 78%) Why do females solicit EPCs? Material benefits? Adelie penguins get rocks from EPC partners Why do females solicit EPCs? Material benefits? scorpionfly • EPCs are less “institutionalized” version of polyandry • Many of the same benefits apply Why do females solicit EPCs? Male defense …against nest predators red-winged blackbird 32% predation on females with EPY 54% predation on females with no EPY …against infanticidal males Hanuman langur Females may mate often to confuse paternity Why do females solicit EPCs? Genetic benefits – Guard against poor sperm quality of mate pseudoscorpion Why do females solicit EPCs? Genetic benefits – Guard against poor sperm quality of mate – Increase genetic diversity of offspring blue tit Why do females solicit EPCs? Genetic benefits – Guard against poor sperm quality of mate – Increase genetic diversity of offspring – Mate with genetically superior male bluethroat EPCs in humans Population southern Africa (!Kung) % nonpaternity 2 rural Michigan, USA ~10 Munich and Copenhagen >10 Italy 13.2 India 15.3 urban Michigan, USA 20.1 Liverpool, UK 20-30

Mating Systems and Parental Investment Part 4

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