Understand Infection Control Procedures

2.02 Infection Control Key Terms Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ Key Terms Aerobic requires oxygen to live Anaerobic does not require oxygen to live Antiseptic hand wash Alcohol-based hand rub washing hands with water and soap or other detergents containing an antiseptic agent rubbing hands with an alcohol-containing preparation Asepsis free of pathogens Endogenous originates from within the body Exogenous originates outside the body Hand hygiene Hand washing performing hand washing, antiseptic hand wash, alcohol-based hand rub washing hands with plain soap and water Infection invasion of the body by microorganisms Local infection only a specific portion of the body is infected Non-Pathogenic normal, do not produce disease, beneficial Nosocomial Infections hospital acquired infection Opportunistic infection Infections that occur when the body’s defenses are weakened Pathogenic cause infection and disease Resistant Sterile remain firm against the action of another force, such as a bacteria against an antibiotic free of all organisms Susceptible able to be affected; person likely to get sick Systemic infection affects the entire body 7242 Health Science II Definitions Summer 2011 Page 162 2.02 Types of Infection Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about local versus systemic infections. Local versus Systemic Infections: Examples Types of Infection 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 163 2.02 Types of Infection Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ KEY Directions: Record notes and class discussion about local versus systemic infections. Local versus Systemic Infections: Types of Infection Examples (answers will vary) Endogenous(endo- inside; genous- type or kind) type or kind of infection that originates from within the body Exogenous(exo- outside; genous- type or kind) type or kind of infection that originates outside the body Nosocomial infectionsHospital acquired infection Transmitted by the health care worker Opportunistic infectionsInfections that occur when the body’s defenses are weakened 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 164 2.02 Classes of Microorganisms Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about classes of microorganisms. Microorganisms Class 7242 Health Science II Characteristics Examples Summer 2011 Page 166 2.02 Classes of Microorganisms Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ KEY Directions: Record notes and class discussion about classes of microorganisms. Non-pathogenic: do not produce disease Normal, beneficial Microorganisms Pathogenic: cause infection and disease May be non-pathogenic in one body system, pathogenic in another (E. coli) Aerobic requires oxygen to live Anaerobic does not require oxygen to live Gram-positive: Generally respond to treatment Gram-negative: Endotoxic Pyogenic Difficult to treat Class Characteristics Examples (answers will vary) Bacteria cocci – round in shape bacilli – rod shape spirilla – spiral or corkscrew shape Protozoa one celled, animal-like organism contain a nucleus and other defined organelles Fungi organisms that usually enjoy a symbiotic, but sometimes parasitic relationship with their host Rickettsiae rod-shaped, parasitic bacteria transmitted to humans through bites Viruses small, infectious agent requires a host for survival produce immune response in humans treated with antiviral drugs parasitic worm-like organisms Excrete toxins making host susceptible to other diseases Helminths 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 167 2.02 Three Levels of Aseptic Control Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about the three levels of aseptic control. _________Asepsis________ __________________________ _______Antisepsis_______ _________________________ ______Disinfection______ __________________________ ______Sterilization______ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 172 2.02 Three Levels of Aseptic Control Handout KEY Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about the three levels of aseptic control. Asepsis Absence of pathogens Antisepsis Disinfection Sterilization Stops the growth or spread of pathogens Destroys pathogens Destroys all microorganisms, pathogens and non-pathogens Not effective against spores and viruses Not always effective against spores and viruses Destroys spores, and viruses Used on skin Used on objects Used on objects Examples: Alcohol and Betadine Examples: Bleach solutions and other chemicals Examples: Autoclave (steam/gas) Some chemicals can sterilize Handwashing is the most effective technique 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 173 2.02 Standard Precautions Name _______________ Handout Date ________________ Directions: Use notes and textbook answer the following questions regarding standard precautions. 1. “Who” developed SP? 2. “When” does SP apply? 3. “What situations necessitate the need for SP? 4. “What” supplies are needed for SP? 5. “Where” should SP supplies be located before and after use? 6. “What” should be done to prevent needle sticks? 7. “When” should hands be washed? 8. “When” are gloves worn? 9. “When” should mask and eye protection be worn? 10. “When” should gowns be worn? 11. “What” is the proper way to handle patient care equipment? 12. “What” is the proper way to handle linen? 13. “What” resuscitation devices should be used? 14. “Where” the patient should be placed? 15. “What” are the results of failing to abide by SP? 16. “What” is my employers responsibility? 17. “What” is my responsibility in SP? 18. “What” must be removed before putting on gloves? 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 174 2.02 Standard Precautions Name _______________ Handout KEY Date ________________ Directions: Use notes and textbook answer the following questions regarding standard precautions. 1. “Who” developed SP? CDC 2. “When” does SP apply? At all times to prevent contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials. 3. “What” situations necessitate the need for SP? Any situation where health care provider may contact: Blood or any fluid that may contain blood; Body fluids, secretions, or excretions – mucus, sputum, saliva, vomit, semen, or vaginal secretions, mucous membranes, non-intact skin, or tissue/cell specimens. 4. “What” supplies are needed for SP? Gloves, gowns, and masks/eye protections 5. “Where” should SP supplies be located before and after use? Before use, SP supplies should be stored in a clean area. After use, care must be taken to avoid contamination of clean supplies. Items should be placed in a “dirty” area. 6. “What” should be done to prevent needle sticks? When possible, safe needles or needleless devices should be used. Disposable needles must never be bent or broken after use. Never re-cap needles. Place used needles in the sharps container. 7. “When” should hands be washed? Before and after contact with any patient; after contamination with any blood, body fluid, secretion, or excretion; and immediately before donning and immediately after removing gloves. 8. “When” are gloves worn? Whenever contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, tissue specimens, or non-intact skin is possible; when handling or cleaning contaminated surfaces or items; and when performing any invasive procedure. 9. “When” should mask and eye protection be worn? During procedures that may produce splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions. 10. “When” should gowns be worn? During any procedures that are likely to cause splashing or spraying of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions that may contaminate clothing or uniform. 11. “What” is the proper way to handle patient care equipment? Patient care equipment should be left in the room and used only for this patient. If this is not possible, all equipment must be cleaned and disinfected before using on another patient. 12. “What” is the proper way to handle linen? Soiled linen should be placed in laundry bags to prevent contamination. Linen soiled with blood, body fluids, or excretions is placed in a special bag for contaminated linen and is usually soaked in a disinfectant prior to being laundered. 13. “What” resuscitation devices should be used? Mouthpieces should be used to avoid the need for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 14. “Where” the patient should be placed? The patient must be placed in a private room. 15. “What” are the results of failing to abide by SP? Chain of infection continues; failure to protect yourself, the patient, and other health care workers. 16. “What” is my employer’s responsibility? The agency must have a policy stating actions that must be taken immediately when exposure to infectious materials or injury occurs, reporting any incident, documenting any exposure incident, recording the care given, noting follow-up to the exposure incident, and identifying ways to prevent similar incidents. 17. “What” is my responsibility in SP? To follow all rules and regulations; to report any exposure immediately to supervisor; to complete necessary incident report. 18. “What” must be removed before putting on gloves? Rings – to avoid puncturing the gloves. 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 175 2.02 Infection Control Precautions Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about infection control precautions. Standard Precautions Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Tuberculosis Standard Extended Infection Control Precautions 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 177 2.02 Infection Control Precautions Handout KEY Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about infection control precautions. Standard Precautions Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Used on All Patients Prevention of injuries when using needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments or devices; when handling sharp instruments after procedures; when cleaning used instruments; and when disposing of used needles. Use of PPE when there is the risk of contact with any blood or body fluid, secretion, excretion, mucous membrane, non-intact skin, or tissue specimen. Never re-cap used needles Correct use of sharps containers Use resuscitation devices Tuberculosis Standard OSHA Standard to reduce occupationally transmitted/acquired TB Requires FIT tested and training in use of specific respiratory PPE To reduce occupationally transmitted hepatitis B Extended Infection Control Precautions Standard Precautions PLUS Airborne Precautions or Contact Precautions or Droplet Precautions PPD skin testing annually 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 178 2.02 Extended Infection Control Precautions Handout Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about extended infection control precautions. EXTENDED PRECAUTIONS = STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS… AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS DROPLET PRECAUTIONS CONTACT PRECAUTIONS FACTS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO EACH TYPE OF PRECAUTION FACTS THAT ALL PRECAUTIONS HAVE IN COMMON:      7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 179 2.02 Extended Infection Control Precautions Handout KEY Name _______________ Date ________________ Directions: Record notes and class discussion about extended infection control precautions. EXTENDED PRECAUTIONS = STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PLUS… AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS DROPLET PRECAUTIONS CONTACT PRECAUTIONS FACTS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO EACH TYPE OF PRECAUTION Patient’s room door must be closed. Most infection occurs within three (3) feet of the patient. Anything that comes in contact or indirect contact of the patient is contaminated. Pathogens remain suspended in the air on dust particles. Droplets are heavy and usually fall to the floor within the three feet range. Needed for diseases that can be easily transmitted by direct or indirect contact. High Efficiency Particulate (HEPA) respirators required for health care workers. Droplets come from coughing, sneezing, talking, or laughing. Diapered or incontinent patients with intestinal infections Health Care Workers (HCWs) must be fit tested for HEPA respirators HCW must wear Mask / face shield if within 3 feet of patient. Wear gown if soiling is likely. Helps prevents the spread of: rubella (measles), varicella (chicken pox), tuberculosis, (TB) shingles (herpes zoster) Helps prevent the spread of: Some bacterial and viral Influenza(s), meningitis(es) pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, diphtheria, pertussis, adenovirus, mumps Helps prevent the spread of gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, or wound infections. Negative Pressure Room with frequent air exchanges required.      Private room a must. FACTS THAT ALL PRECAUTIONS HAVE IN COMMON: Limit use of non-critical care equipment to a single patient / resident. Wash hands after care. Bag linen to prevent contamination of self, environment, or outside of bag. Discard infectious trash to prevent contamination of self, environment, or outside of bag by double bagging. Limit transport of patient / resident to essential purposes only. Patient / resident must wear mask appropriate for disease. 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 180 2.02 Prototype Assessment Items Note: These items illustrate the types of items used in the item bank for this objective. All items have been written to match the cognitive process of the understand verb in the objective. Questions require students to interpret, summarize or explain infection control procedures. These exact questions will not be used on the secured test, but questions in similar formats will be used. These assessment items may be used as prototypes by teachers and students to generate similar items to comprise formative assessments for you classroom. This strategy is especially helpful during the field test year when classroom item banks are not available. Results of formative assessment should be used to diagnose levels of mastery, determine if re-teaching is needed, and guide further instruction. 1. A health care worker who fails to wash his hands after coming into contact with body fluids that may contain blood has failed to comply with guidelines called a. airborne precautions b. extended precautions c. standard precautions d. tuberculosis precautions Answer: C 2. The quality assurance committee is reviewing data on handwashing and hospital acquired infections. What is the type of condition they are concerned about? a. Direct contact b. Nosocomial c. Rickettsiae d. Vector-borne Answer: B 3. Mark always washes his hands before and after providing patient care. What part of the chain of infection dies he address? a. Mode of transmission b. Portal of entry c. Portal of exit d. Reservoir Answer: A 7242 Health Science II Summer 2011 Page 181