Study Guide (Part 1) for the Evolution Unit Test

Study Guide (Part 1) for the Evolution Unit Test 1. Who is Charles Darwin and what did he do? 2. Evolution involves change…describe what things change and how things change. 3. What is a common ancestor? 4. What evidence do fossils provide for evolution? 5. Define homologous structures and analogous structures. Give examples! 6. What do homologous structures show about two organisms? 7. What is a vestigial organ? Give two examples of vestigial organs. 8. How do we compare two organisms’ DNA, and what does it mean if their DNA is similar? 9. What is a cladogram, and how can we use it to determine common ancestry? 1st to publish theory on evolution and natural selection based on observations he made while traveling around the world Change in gene frequencies within a population over a period of time Ancient organism that other modern organisms have in common Compare structures of ancient organisms to structures of modern organisms Homologous Structures: anatomy/structure of organisms are similar but used for different functions (Ex: human and cat arms) Analogous Structures: anatomy/structure of organisms are different but used for similar functions (Ex: bird and butterfly wings) Evidence they evolved from a common ancestor Structure still present in an organism but no longer serves an essential function (Ex: appendix, wisdom teeth, etc.) Compare amino acid sequences and the more similar the AA sequences, the more related they are Diagram that organizes organisms to show how similar (more related) or different (less related) organisms are. It can be used to show how closely related organisms originated from the same ancestor 10. How do human embryos compare Human embryos are VERY similar to embryos of other animals and to embryos of other animals? provides evidence of a common ancestor 11. What is the difference between an Adaptation: a population of organisms become better adjusted to adaptation, a variation, and a changes in their environment through natural selection and mutation? evolution Variation: differences in genetic sequences of a population Mutation: change in genetic sequence 12. Why is it beneficial for variation If a population has variations in its gene pool, the population has a (differences) to exist in a better chance to survive when the environment changes. If a population? population has little or no variation, it has a lower chance of Hint- Think about the moths and what surviving the changes. happened when the forest blackened. 13. Give three examples of Examples will vary… adaptations some organisms have evolved to have. 14. What is natural selection? Organisms/populations that adapt better to changes have the best chance of survival AND reproduction 15. What MUST be present in order SKIP for natural selection to occur? 16. How do scientists use gel electrophoresis in order to determine how closely two organisms are related? 17. What is the difference between ACQUIRED traits and INHERITED traits? 18. List the six kingdoms of life. 19. List one example of an organism from each kingdom of life. 20. Can two animals from DIFFERENT species mate and produce a fertile offspring? Why or why not? (Ex: MULES) 21. What is the most effective way to prove that two organisms are related? DNA Fingerprints that are more similar will be more closely related ACQUIRED Traits: characteristics obtained during the life of the organism (Ex: skin cancer, scars, etc.) INHERITED Traits: characteristics parents pass on to their offspring Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals Answers will vary… No. A species is type of organism that can mate with another organism to produce FERTILE offspring. Mules are a cross between a horse and donkey. Since mules are NOT FERTILE, donkeys and horses cannot be the same species. DNA analysis Explain the cladogram below: The closer the organisms are on the chart, the more related they are. Traits at the bottom are used to narrow down how closely related the organisms are. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The diagram below shows this development of amphibians over time. Explain the process that explains how an early amphibians developed over time: The more amphibians moved on the land, the more useful the lobed fins became to them. Organisms that moved best on land would have spent more time together and therefore mated together more often. They would have passed on to their offspring the trait for the lobed fins that helped them move best. Over time, the same population that spent more time on land would have become more and more different from the population spended more time in the water due to the different populations mating within their own group. Use the following data in order to explain which species is most likely related to the common ancestor: The unknown species is Species IV based on the DNA sequence but it is most closely related to Species II because there is only 1 difference in bases. Use the table below in order to explain what animals are most closely related: Birds and Theropod Dinosaurs are most related based on the chart due to have the most characteristics in common.